贵州地方稻种遗传资源研究与利用概述

Research and Utilization on Native Rice Germplasm in Guizhou

贵州稻种遗传资源经过20余年的研究,在收集、保存、评价与利用方面已取得较大进展。主要表现在:(1)陆续收集并整理、编目的地方稻种达5 667份,大部分已分别于不同时期送国家种质库作长期保存,系统完成农艺性状的鉴定与评价,筛选出一批矮秆、大穗、大粒、优质、抗病虫、耐逆(冷、旱)和功能型等特性突出的优异种质;(2)贵州地方稻种具有丰富的遗传多样性,是环境对品种的选择和品种对环境适应双向作用的同化产物,尤其在贵州高原的低温、高湿、寡照生境下形成的禾类和旱稻等种质,在耐逆(包括冷、烂、锈等不良土壤因子)等特性上表现出一定的独特性;(3)开展了地方稻种细胞质雄性不育恢复基因源、非sd1基因新矮源、双(多)胚等有利基因资源的鉴定和筛选;(4)概述了立足贵州省情的稻种资源保存途径,建立了以高原异生境繁种为基础、国家种质库为保障的遗传资源保存保护工作体系。对目前贵州稻种资源研究中存在的主要问题和今后工作的重点与发展方向进行了讨论。

Rice germplasm resources in Guizhou are rich in genetic diversity with relatively large variation of biological characters and various types from evolution and artificial selection. 5 667 of traditional variety accessions, collected from 79 counties of Guizhou, accounting for about 10% of the total in China, were regenerated and mainly sent to the National Gene-Bank of Crops Germplasm Resources at Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences （CAAS）for long term storage. In this paper, collection, assessment, conservation, and utilization on elite rice genetic resources in Guizhou were chiefly summarized during 1981-2004. The main points can be concluded that the Working ＆ Managing Systems on Rice Resources in Guizhou had been established in the long course of research. Firstly, identifying and evaluating system is essential to studying the characteristics of rice genetic resources according to botanical and biological trails. In this way some elite germplasm including semi-dwarf, big panicle, big grain, high quality, cold and drought tolerance, resistance to diseases and pests had been evaluated. Other special elite types were characterized by restoring to CMS, and wide compatibility were also screened. Secondly, establishing reproduction system in ex-situ conservation based on National Gene-bank, CAAS for long term conservation combining with short storage in low temperature in Guizhou, and finally, information management system of rice germplasm conserved in Guizhou was formed on the base of the characteristics database. These systems will be efficient to promote the further researches and utilization.