当代知识论中的“弱纲领”与“强纲领”之争

Controversy over "Strong" or "Weak" Programme in the Modern Science of Knowledge

当代知识论研究在科学知识的社会因素与外部实在的关系问题上,存在着两种截然对立的观念,即传统的“弱纲领”和以科学知识社会学为代表的“强纲领”。其中,“弱纲领”代表了正统的科学知识观,它将科学知识视为人类理性的产物,免受社会因素的影响;而“强纲领”则通过“因果性”、“对称性”等原则把对人文、社会知识的社会分析扩展到了对科学知识的分析,要求对包括自然科学知识在内的所有人类信念都进行所谓的“公正”、“对称性”说明。

There are two completely different camps in the studies of the science of knowledge on the relationship between social aspects and external reality, namely, the traditional ＂weak programme＂, and the ＂strong programme＂ represented by the scientific sociology of knowledge. The ＂weak＂ version represents the conventional concept of scientific knowledge. It considers knowledge the product of human rationality and therefore should not be interfered by social aspects. The ＂strong＂ version, on the other hand, attempts to extend application of the rules of causeand-effect and symmetry in analyzing humanity and social knowledge to analyses of scientific knowledge. They demand that ＂impartial＂ and ＂symmetrical＂ explanations should be applied to all human beliefs, including knowledge of natural science.