地质微生物作用与油气资源

Geomicrobial processes and petroleum resources.

地质微生物作用与油气资源的生成、保存、破坏、开采和勘探的各个环节都有着密切的联系。微生物(细菌)本身不仅是良好的成烃母质,还是促使有机物转化为石油烃的主要营力。微生物作用使沉积有机质向更有利于生烃的物质转化,并使有机质中表征成熟度的一些指标在尚未受热成熟作用前就显示成熟特征。沉积环境中微生物的发育对有机质的贡献与保存有积极作用,细菌对有机质的降解也有利于有机质中成烃组分的保存与富集。微生物作用生成的天然气、煤层气和甲烷水合物在世界各地已成为有商业开采价值的资源。然而,微生物对已成藏的油气资源又具有破坏作用。储层中喜氧与厌氧菌的存在,不仅破坏石油储量,还使原油质量明显下降。

The geomicrobial processes are closely related to the formation, preservation, destruction, exploration and recovery of oil and gas resources. Microorganisms （bacteria） themselves are not only good organic source material for hydrocarbons but also a main agency for conversion of organic material into hydrocarbons. Microbial activity facilitates the conversion of deposited organic material into hydrocarbon source material and makes some maturity indices show the mature characteristics before organic material is heated and enters the mature stage. The growth of microorganisms in the depositional environment plays a positive role in the contribution and conservation of organic material, and biodegradation of organic material is also beneficial for the preservation and accumulation of hydrocarbon-generating components in organic material. The natural gas, coal-bed gas and methane hydrates formed by microbial activity worldwide have become resources of commercial value. However, microorganisms can also destroy oil and gas resources in reservoirs. The existence of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in reservoirs not only reduces oil reserves but also lowers the quality of crude oil.