制度、组织与经济绩效

Institutions,Organizations and Economic Performance

制度是促进经济增长的关键要素。作为约束社会群体中的个体行为及其相互关系的规范体系,实际上,制度本身不会产生效率,它只有和人或组织结合在一起时才能促使其效率的增长(或负增长)。对实现组织目标效用最大化的“效率原则”的坚持使经济学家们常常将组织看作一个理性系统,因此他们更加关注组织的正式规则的建构;与经济学家所持的“效率机制”不同,社会学制度主义者强调“合法性”机制对于组织目标、形式和内部运作产生的重要影响。这里的“合法性”不仅仅是指正式法律制度的作用,而且包括了文化、价值观念、行为的社会期待等非正式制度对组织行为的影响。

An institution is a web of interrelated norms -- formal and informal -- governing individual or collective actors and their social relationships. It＇ s an integrated progress of social-economic development. Formal institutions can be designed and changed overnigh evolve gradually. When the informal institution absent, only the t, however, informal institutions have to change of formal institutions will inevitably increase the cost of monitoring and enforcement, and lead to the social chaos. Though formal institutions are the main governing structures that can be seen governing the human behavior, concrete constraints of human behavior is taken on by informal institutions. Therefore, informal institutions are very important to social-economic development.