《诗经》乐器考论

Research and discussion on the Musical Instrument of The Book of Songs——Also Correcting and adding on Mr Yang Yin-liu's 29-kind viewpoint

被明代刘濂称为“乐经”的《诗经》,涉及的乐器实为二十八种。杨荫浏先生“有二十九种” 之说,不完全符合《诗经》的实际。仔细审视二十八种乐器在《诗经》中的分布,可以发现:(一)琴瑟 已由宫廷庙堂走向华夏各地,融入社会各阶层,制造也讲究选用桐、梓等木料,迎来了弹弦乐器发展的新 阶段。(二)打击乐器主要还是用于殿堂宴乐、宗庙祭祀、朝聘礼仪等。这些承袭的乐器,较之其前:第 一,大小、形制等发生了多种变异,种类明显增多;第二,制作精细,工艺水平相当高。(三)当时器乐 合奏相当发展,如琴和瑟的组合、“钟鼓之乐”等。(四)《雅》之所以涉及的乐器最多,一是周王畿的诗, 二是来源复杂,三是反映社会现实既深且广。

The Book of Songs, which was called “Music classic” by Liu Lian in the Ming Dynasty, involves 28 kinds of musical instruments, so Mr Yang Yin-liu＇s 29-kind viewpoint does not totally accord with the reality of The Book of Songs. When we scan carefully 28 kinds of musical instruments’ distribution in The Book of Songs, we can find： （1） The Qin and Se have already moved from the palace and temple to all parts of China, been incorporated in the society of different levels, whose making has been payed more attention to in selecting timbers such as Chinese catalpa and tung, etc. Thereby the new stage of the stringed instrument comes into being. （2）The percussion instrument is mainly used in the feast of palace,the sacrifice of ancestral temple and the etiquette of andience.There are some differences between the inherited musical instrument and the former ones. First, many kinds of variations have taken place in size, structure, etc.and the kind obviously increases. Second, making is meticulous and the technological level is quite high. （3）At that time, the ensemble of instrumental music was fairly developed, for instance the combination of Qin and Se, the music of clock and drum, etc. （4）The quantity of the musical instruments involved in Festal songs is the most because it is the poem of the neighbourhood of Zhou＇s capital, has complicated sources and reflects social reality deeply and widely.