辩论主义的嬗变与协同主义的兴起

Evolution of the Adversary System and Development of the Cooperative System

在民事诉讼中,关于案件事实解明中法院与当事人的作用分担,存在两种对立的原则:辩论主义与职权探知主义。古典辩论主义以私法自治为根据,主张案件事实的解明应当由当事人承担责任,法院恪守不介入的原则并受此约束。随着社会以及诉讼观念的变化,诉讼不再被纯粹视为当事人私人的问题;发现案件事实、作出符合实体真实的妥当判决,被作为法院的一项责任的观念逐渐形成,从而导致协同主义理念的产生。协同主义认为,民事诉讼中对案件事实的探知,既不是当事人一方的责任,也不是法院单方面的任务,而是两者共同的责任;法院与当事人应当协同去发现案件事实,并在此基础上实现纠纷的妥当解决。

In civil litigation, there are two opposite principles concerning the finding of the fact by the court or the parties, i.e. the parties control system and the court control system. The classical adversary system is based on the self-governance principle of private law and it maintains that the parties shall control the finding of the fact. Meanwhile, the court is restrained from interfering in the finding and shall be bound by it. Along with the change of society and people＇ s ideas, civil litigation is now no longer deemed as a parties＇ private matter. It seems that the burden of finding the fact of a case is graduall being shifting to the court, and thus develops the doctrine of the cooperative system, which advocates that neither the parties nor the court can bear ex parte the responsibility to find the fact of a case. They should cooperate with each other to accomplish the task, thus to solve the dispute.