论清中叶学术发展的三个转向

On the Three Changes of Direction in Academy in the Middle of Qing Dynasty

嘉庆、道光以降,风行一个多世纪之久的考据学风渐趋走向衰落,中国学术的发展呈现出三个转向:一是今文经学的复兴,二是汉学的义理化倾向,三是宋学势力的回潮。清中叶学术的三个转向,是学术自身的发展规律决定的,同时也是在当时恶化了的政治、经济、风俗形势下对乾嘉考据学术之反拨。三个转向规定了近代学术的发展方向,是清代学术发展史上的转捩点和重要环节,对后世产生了深远的影响。

This Paper, based on the study of historical background, macro-systematizes the developing direction of the academy in Mid-Qing Dynasty. From Jiaqing and Daoguang years on, the style of textual criticism, popular for over a century, had been declining, and the three changes of direction in the development of Chinese academy had come into being： the revitalization of Jinwen classics, the ideological tendency of Han school,and the revival of the Song school. This paper holds that these three changes of academic direction in Mid-Qing Dynasty was determined by the law of the academic development itself, and has reversed the style of textual criticism in Qianjia years when politics, economy and customs had all been deteriorating. The three changes are the turning points and important links in the development of Qing＇s academy and have influenced profoundly the following generations.