人类免疫缺陷病毒感染的免疫学(英文)

Immunology of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

全世界已经有超过二千万人死于获得性免疫缺陷综合征(又称艾滋病)。人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)是引起艾滋病的病原体,是由Montagnier在1983年发现的。HIV是一种逆转录病毒,有两条单链RNA组成,在逆转录酶的作用下,转录成前病毒双链DNA。HIV主要通过使CD4T细胞衰竭来破坏免疫系统。当CD4T细胞降至全血200个/mm-3时,免疫系统功能就会发生紊乱,并且会伴随机会性感染如结核杆菌、隐孢子虫等。本文概述了由于HIV感染引起的复杂、多面性的免疫反应,并重点介绍了CD4T细胞衰竭的机制。Th1和Th2辅助细胞的平衡改变也与疾病的进展有关。为了控制此疾病,研究者设计了多种疫苗,并且有些疫苗已经进入了临床试验阶段。

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome （AIDS） has caused more than twenty millions of deaths throughout the world. Human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） found by Montagnier in 1983 is the pathogen of AIDS. As a retrovirus, HIV is consist of two monocatenarian RNA and converted to proviral bicatenarian DNA by reverse transcriptase. HIV mainly destroys the immune system of the host through depleting CD4 T cells. When CD4 T cell levels drop to less than 200mm^-3 of whole blood, immune dysregulation and opportunistic infections will happen such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Crypstosporidium parvum. In this review, the complex and mnltifaceted immune response caused by HIV infection and highlighted the mechanism of CD4 T cell depletion are summarized. Altered Th1/Th2 T cell balance has also been associated with disease progression. In order to control this disease, many kinds of vaccine have been designed and clinically trialed.