关于汉语词类的研究——纪念汉语词类问题大讨论50周年

Summary of the Studies on Parts of Speech in Chinese

本文概述了汉语词类研究的现状,认为1953年至1955年的汉语词类问题讨论是“文法革新讨论”的继续,为深入研究汉语词类奠定了基础。文章指出这50年来汉语词类研究取得了很大的进展:区分词类由多标准转为单一功能标准;对功能的形式特征及各种词类进行了更深入的探索;提出了当前词类研究中存在的问题。文章论述了汉语词类的几个理论问题:认为词的词汇意义是划分词类的基础,但不是分类的根据;主张把分类的根据和辨类的方法区别开来;认为词有三种语法功能(句法功能、语义功能、语用功能),理论上词的语法类可分为句法类、语义类、语用类;主张三种功能类既分开又结合来构建实用的汉语语法体系;提出了词类区分的几条原则和汉语词类体系的层级处理以及某些词类在定性上需要进一步讨论的问题。

This paper summarizes the studies on parts of speech and considers that the 1953- 1955 Discussion about Parts of Speech in Chinese was a continuation of “the Discussion of Grammar Reform”. The discussion was successful and laid the foundation for the latter studies of parts of speech in Chinese. This paper points out that a great deal has been achieved in the past fifty years. And it discusses several theoretical problems in the study of parts of speech, offers several principles for word-class classification and sums up the hierarchy process of Chinese word-class system and the problems that need further research.