河南省花生品种产量性状的遗传改良

Evolution of Main Traits for Peanut(A.hypogaea L.) Cultivars in Henan Province

选用近二十年在河南省推广的12个花生品种为试验材料,对花生品种主要性状的遗传改良进行了研究.结果表明,品种的产量及其构成因素得到了明显的改良.2000年以后审定的近期品种产量水平有较大提高,比早期(1994年以前)和中期(1995～1999年)的品种平均增产540 kg/hm2,增产幅度达6.8%.近期品种在单株果重、单株饱果数、百果重和单株有效果数上比中期和早期有极显著地增加,500 g仁数显著降低,产量性状中只有出仁率和500 g果数变化较小.近期品种的脂肪含量比早期品种有显著和极显著地提高,近期品种的蛋白质含量比中期品种有所下降,比早期品种都有极显著地提高,而且幅度较大.近期品种的株高较中期品种降低4.9 cm,侧枝长减少4.33 cm,总分枝数比前期和中期减少了2个左右,但结果枝数变化不大.生育期明显缩短,由前期的135～140 d缩短到近期的120 d左右.近期审定推广的珍珠豆型品种远杂9307与早期品种鲁花12号相比,大多数性状得到了明显地改良.从各性状的遗传变异系数和改良潜力看,单株有效果数、单株饱果数和单株果重的改良幅度较大,出仁率、蛋白质含量和脂肪含量较小.

12 elite released cultivars in the past two decades in Henan province were used to study the evolution of main traits. The results showed that yield, quality and other traits had been improved greatly for the large or middle size peanut cultivars. Yield of the current cultivars bred after 2000 increased obviously with an average of 540 kg/ha, as compared with that of the early stage cultivars （before 1994） and of the middle stage cultivars （1995-1999）. Pod weight per plant, No. of plump pods per plant, 100-pod weight and No. of pods per plant of the current cultivars increased and No. of peanuts per 500g decreased very significantly, but shelling percentage and No. of pods per 500g changed little. Compared with the early stage and the middle stage cultivars, fat percent increased significantly and very significantly, respectively, and protein percent decreased and increased very significantly, respectively. Plant height of the current cultivars decreased by 4.9 cm than that of the middle stage, and branch length decreased by 2.33 cm. No. of branches decreased and No. of branches with pods was the same. The growth time was shortened from 135-140 days before 1994 to about 120 days after 2000. For the small size cultivars, Yuanza 9307, bred after 2000, had the advantages over Luhua 12 in most traits. According to coefficient of genetic variation and im- proved potential of different traits, No. of pods and plump pods and pod weight per plant had been improved greatly, and shelling percentage little.