贵阳市9岁—11岁儿童铅中毒状况及其影响因素的流行病学研究

An epidemiological study on lead poison of children aged 9-11 years old in Guiyang

目的研究贵阳市9岁—11岁儿童血铅水平状况及其影响因素,并评价铅对儿童健康状况的影响。方法采用随机抽样的方法,分别在贵阳市工业区、普通市区、郊区各抽取一所小学,随机选择其中的9岁—11岁儿童共366例进行血铅水平测定,并采用“儿童家庭社会环境与健康调查表”对其个人情况及家庭社会生活环境等相关因素进行调查;使用美国生产的PE5100PC型原子吸收光谱仪,用石墨炉无火焰原子吸收光谱法测定血铅值;采用国家统一的标准测定体格发育指标,并计算其Z标准值;所有数据用SPSS8.0版软件进行处理。结果儿童血铅水平均数为119.1182±4.0932(-x±S)μg/L(1μg/L=0.00483μmol/L),几何均数为97.03±78.31(G±Sg)μg/L,其中高于目前国际公认的儿童铅中毒标准值100μg/L的比例(即儿童铅中毒的流行率)是59%。工业区儿童血铅均值为135.0410±7.0271μg/L,普通市区儿童血铅均值为129.7285±6.8333μg/L均极显著高于郊区儿童血铅均值91.4528±6.3559μg/L(P〈0.01)。发现男性9岁组儿童身高的Z标准值存在显著差异,高铅组儿童身高明显低于低铅组儿童身高,P〈0.05。家庭居住地、家庭经济状况、住房是否临近街道、附近街道的车流量、房间是否装修、装修所使用的材料等是影响儿童血铅水平的主要因素。结论贵阳市儿童血铅水平及儿童铅中毒的流行率已相当高,儿童生活周围环境中存在诸多导致血铅升高的因素并对儿童健康有不利的影响,应引起高度重视。

Objective ： The aim of this study was to investigate the blood lead level of children aged 9 - 11 years in Guiyang, to identify high - risk factors, and to evaluate the effect of lead exposure on the health of children. Methods ： The author randomly samplled 366 children aged 9 - 11 years in Guiyang, using an epidemiologieal protocol with sophisticated quality control. The blood lead level, relative factors, physical fitness were measured. Results： The mean blood lead levels was 119. 1182μg/L in children aged 9 - 11 years old in Guiyang（ G ± Sg =97.03 ±78.31 μg/L）, and 216 （59.0%） of 366 children blood lead levels were equal to or higher than 100μg/L（ the diagnostic criterion of lead poisoning of children）. The blood lead levels of children in industrial park and urban districts are superior to those in suburb. Lead affect the children stature. Blood lead levels of children also varied in relation to the settlement, soeio- economic status （SES）, distance between room and street, traffic on the road, decoration materials, eet. Conclusion ： Blood lead levels of children in Guiyang city and the prevalence of lead poisoning were both relatively high, to which enough attention should be paid.