论近代中国农家经营模式的变动

The Changes of Peasant Families Management Pattern in Modern China

本文采取理论与实证分析相结合的方法,对近代农家经营模式①的变动进行归类分析,认为“耕织结合”的传统模式主要呈现出四种变化:(1)以农业为主,以市场导向为目的的家庭手工业生产为辅;(2)以市场导向的手工业生产为主、以农业为辅;(3)纯农业经营户;(4)纯手工业经营户。从总体上看,前两种模式变动占据主导地位,纯粹的农业经营户和纯粹的手工业经营户在近代农村并不具有规模意义。因此,“农工结合”始终是近代农家最主要的经营模式。但是,结合的性质不能一概而论,它既可能是自给自足的自然经济,也可能是面向市场的商品经济,关键取决于家庭手工业生产的性质。在“农工结合”的经营模式中,以市场导向为目的的家庭手工业,有两种不同的类型,即维生型与唯利型。站在农村工业化的角度看,唯利型的“农工结合”的经营模式是符合经济发展趋势的。但是,近代中国的农情决定了维生型的农工结合的经营模式始终占据主导地位,这或许在一定程度上制约了中国近代农村工业化的发展进程。

This article adopts the unified methods of the theory and the real diagnosis. It carries on the classification analysis to the changes of peasant families management pattern in modern China, and assumes that the traditional pattern of “the union of plowing the soil and weaving cloth” into multiple changes. “The unified peasant worker” is always the main management pattern of peasant families in modern China, but the nature of the unification can＇t be generally disserted. It is possibly the self sufficient natural economy, it is also probably the market economy which faces to the market, the key is decided by the nature of the family handicraft industry production.