朝野纠葛:北京政府时期的舆论与外交——以关税特别会议为个案的考察

Entanglement Between the Government and the Public: the Public Opinion and the Diplomacy of the Beijing Government

关于北京政府时期的外交,尽管学术界近来已开始有了较为客观的评价,不过对于其背后因素的考察还有待深入。实际上,在北京政府时期,由于特殊的时代背景,各种社会舆论被全面动员起来,以汹涌澎湃之势冲击着外交这一特殊的政治领域,从而形成了近代史上国民外交的黄金时期。于是,由于中央政府统治的虚弱,在其决策者进行外交运作时,就处处受到来自舆论界的影响,这是一个极为明显的历史特色,通过对当时舆论的考察,就会更深层次地探究北京政府外交的两难境地。笔者在考察时,主要以关税特别会议为个案,以上海舆论为核心,以《申报》、《东方杂志》等报刊为第一手资料。

Recently there is an objective appraisal on the diplomacy of the Beiiing Government, but we need to penetrate its rear factors. In fact, because of the special background of the Beijing Government, all kinds of public opinion were fully mobilized and lashed out against this special political field-diplomacy, which formed the golden age of civil diplomacy in modern history of China. So the diplomacy of central government was influenced by the public opinion because of its weak domination, which is an obvious historical feature. The main aim of this thesis is to find out the awkward diplomacy situation of the Beijing Government more deeply from the study of public opinion at that time. The tariff special negotiation is the main object of investigation, the public opinion of Shanghai is regarded as the core, and the newspaper and periodicals such as Shenbao and Dongfang Magazine are the first-hand data.