东方大黄蜂的表皮异源移植试验(英文)

Allograft transplantation experiments in the oriental hornet cuticle

将东方大黄蜂(胡蜂)蛹或幼蜂的棕色表皮层连同含有黑色素的皮细胞层、黄色表皮层及相连的产生黄嘌呤的皮细胞层割下,换位后植入原来的黄蜂体上(原来是黄色的部分用棕色替代,棕色的用黄色替代)。然后将蛹放回原来的子脾中,幼蜂放入一特殊的培养皿中,让其复原和发育。共对200个不同时期的蛹和50只幼蜂进行了试验。结果显示,存活的最主要是将羽化的蛹(差1-2天就羽化的蛹),早期的蛹和幼蜂均死亡。总共有约5%的蛹存活,幼蛹无一存活。在存活的蛹中,棕色表皮植入黄色区域中的不但成活了,而且还保留了棕色色彩。相反,黄色表皮在植入到棕色区域的几天后,就丢失了黄色及膜片。经过表皮异源移植的大黄蜂寿命极短,一般仅几星期。羽化后较敏感,攻击性强,但行走、飞行都很正常。

As is known, social insects belonging to the Vespinae are colorful organisms in that their cuticle contains various pigments （Guiglia, 1972; Spradbery, 1973; Matsuura and Yamane, 1990）. Part of their cuticle has a brown-black color, owing to the ingrained pigment melanin, and this is expressed as brown or black stripes. Between these brown or black stripes are interposed stripes of a bright color such as white or yellow, and this interposition accentuates the coloration of wasps and hornets. Some investigators are of the opinion that these stripes, whether on solitary or social vespids, comprise warning colors that are intended to ward off preying birds （Guiglia, 1972）. The yellow pigmentation in insect＇s stems from yellow granules, which concentrate in masses within the endoeuticle （Becker, 1937; Harmsen, 1966; Ishay and Shimony, 1980）. In a recent publication （Ishay et al., 2004）, we noted that in the Oriental hornet Vespa orientalis （Hymenoptera, Vespinae） the yellow pigment originates in cells that migrate from what appears to be some kind of homology to the neural crest during maturation of the pupal stage. Only several days after eclosion of the adult hornet does the yellow color stand out in contrast to the brown color in its cuticle. It is likely that the same is true also in other Vespinae, and indeed the migration of pigment bearing cells is known primarily from Vertebrates （Bagnara et al,, 1979）. Pigments have been reported also in butterflies and other insects （Descimon, 1965; Green and Neef, 1969; Veron et al. , 1974）