从《红楼梦》到《狂人日记》——20世纪中国家族小说传统溯源

From The dream of the red chamber To A madman's diary——Tradition Of Chinese Saga Novel In The 20^(th) Century

诞生在不同文化语境中的《红楼梦》与《狂人日记》,他们的思想价值取向,分别构成了20世纪中国家族小说的远传统与近传统。两个作品的思想倾向的首要方面是反封建,但着眼点和支点不同,就主要方面而言,《红楼梦》以百科全书的规模,从封建的生产关系入手,其批判的主要支点是对封建制度文化“吃人”本质的揭露;《狂人日记》的着眼点是封建的意识形态,其批判的支点是对封建精神文化反人道本质的揭露。两个作品反封建的目的都是为了“人的解放”,但《红楼梦》追求的是人的社会地位与生存方式的解放,《狂人日记》追求的主要是个体精神的解放。《红楼梦》要解放的人主要是青年女性,《狂人日记》要解放的人主要是孩子。两个作品都揭示了家族内部的反叛力量与家族的矛盾,但两个作品对家族内部反叛力量与家族关系的认识不同。《红楼梦》中家族内部的反叛力量与家族是“剥离”的关系,在剥离中凸现了反叛者的反封建性;《狂人日记》中家族内部的反叛力量与家族是紧密相连的关系,在联系中显示了反叛者反封建的复杂性。

The tropism of value about the novel The dream of the red chamber and A madman＇s diary, which were produced in different cultural texts, formed respectively the early tradition and later tradi tion of Chinese saga novel in the 20＇h century. The primary respect of the two works＇ thoughts is against feudalism. The former is based on the feudal production, and exposed the essence of the feudal culture, the latter focused on the feudal ideology, and exposed the essence of the feudal spiritual culture. But both of their targets of anti-feudalism are ＂the liberty of people＂. The pursuit of The dream of the red chamber is the liberty of people＇s social status and life style, especially are young women. The pursuit of A madman＇s diary is the liberty of personal spirit, especially children. Both novels exposed the rebellion strength inside the family and contradiction among family. In The dream of the red chamber, the resist- ing strength break away from the family, and it showed the mutineer＇s anti-feudalism in the process; but in A madman＇s diary, the resisting strength was bound up with its family, and it showed that the mutineer＇s anti-feudalism was complicated.