硝酸铵的降感技术研究

Desensitizing Technique of Ammonium Nitrate

为降低硝酸铵(AN)机械感度,以氧化锌、尿素、磷酸氢二钠、樟脑、碱式碳酸镁、碳酸钠、硝酸铵六种化学物质作为抑爆剂,单独加入或几种混合加入到硝酸铵中,得到了改性的硝酸铵,然后按照工业炸药配方将这种改性的硝酸铵制成铵油炸药。用立式落锤仪,在10kg落锤、65cm落高下,测试了铵油炸药的撞击感度。实验结果表明,添加质量分数为5%的碱式碳酸镁可以使铵油炸药的爆炸百分数从88%降低到32%,添加质量分数为5%的多组分抑爆剂(ZnO/Na2HPO4/Mg2(OH)2CO3=33/34/33)可使铵油炸药的爆炸百分数从88%降低到24%;采用缓慢结晶的工艺,可以降低铵油炸药的撞击感度。

Ammonium nitrate is modified by adding anti-explosion agent to reduce its impact sensitivity. According to thermal decomposition of AN and hot-spot theory, six chemical materials such as ZnO, （ NH2 ） 2CO, Na2 HPO4, camphor, Mg2 （OH） 2CO3, NazCO3 ,NH4NO3 were selected as components of anti-explosion agents. Modified AN were prepared by adding these chemical materials to formulate industrial explosives. The impact sensitivity of these explosives at drop height of 65 cm with 10 kg drop hammer was tested. Results show that comparing with the pure explosion in which has no additive, when 5% anti-explosion agent ZnO/ NazHPO4/Mg2 （OH）2CO3 = 33/34/33 are added in system, the impact sensitivity can be decreased from 88% to 24% and the impact sensitivity also declines with the decrease of hardness and stacked density of modified AN. The same result can be obtained by slow crystallization method.