农民工的压力感受与应对方式

Sensation of pressure and coping style of farmer-workers

目的:调查不同年龄、性别和文化程度农民工压力和应对方式特点。方法:于2004-04/10随机抽取湖州市不同工种的农民工240人作为调查对象。①采用自制调查表调查一般情况,包括年龄,性别,受教育程度。②采用自编农民工压力事件量表测量农民工的压力。该量表包含8个分量表或称8种压力源,分别为:家庭压力、矛盾压力、待遇负荷压力、价值尊重压力、人际关系压力、经济负担压力、权益保护压力、城市适应压力。让农民工对某一压力事件是否发生过以及影响程度如何进行选择,采用5点评分法。1.0～1.5分为无压力,1.5～2.5分为轻度压力,2.5～3.5分为中度压力,3.5～4.5分为重度压力,4.5分以上为体验到极重度压力。③采用自编农民工应对方式问卷测查农民工的应对方式。包含68个条目9个应对方式因子,分别是解决问题、自责、合理化、求助、幻想、退避、转移注意、攻击和压抑。每个条目有两个答案,“是”或“否”,除了有3个条目答“否”计“1”分,答“是”计“0”分外,其余条目都是答“是”计“1”分,答“否”计“0”分。文化程度较低者,通过调查员读题讲解后作出自评。文化程度较高者独立填写问卷。调查员为湖州师范学院学生和教师,调查前进行统一培训。结果:发放问卷240份,收回合格问卷218份,有效率为90.8%。①农民工体验到的居于第一位的压力源包括合法权益得不到保护造成的压力,经济负担造成的压力和工作条件、待遇负荷造成的压力。有18.8%的农民工体会到中等程度以上的压力,3.3%的农民工体验到重度以上的压力。②29岁以下组农民工价值尊重和权益保护压力均显著高于30～39岁组和40岁以上组。文盲组的矛盾压力和城市适应压力大于初中以下和高中以上文化程度,文盲和高中以上文化程度的农民工价值尊重压力大于初中以下文化程度,高中以上文化程度人际关系压力大于初中以下文化程度,文盲组总体压力大于初中以下文化程度的农民工。③农民工在受到挫折、面临困境和压力时采用较多的应对方式是解决问题、转移注意、求助和压抑。④男性转移注意的采用率大于女性。30～39岁组解决问题的采用率大于29岁以下组和40岁以上组,30～39岁组合理化、幻想因子的采用率大于40岁以上组,29岁以下组和30～39岁组转移注意、攻击因子的采用率大于40岁以上组。文盲农民工对合理化、压抑应对方式的采用率大于初中以下文化程度者;初中以下相对于文盲和高中以上文化程度的农民工更少采用退避这一应对方式。结论:农民工体验到居于第一位的压力是权益保护、经济负担和待遇负荷压力,其次为城市适应压力,价值尊重压力和人际关系、矛盾和家庭压力。部分农民工体会到中重度以上的压力。在农民工受到挫折、面临困境和压力时多采用比较积极的应对方式,主要采用解决问题、转移注意、求助和压抑。

AIM： To study the characteristics of pressure and coping style of farmerworkers in different age, sex and cultural education. METHODS： 240 farmer-workers with different type of work of Huzhou City were selected randomly as observational objects from April to October 2004. ① Self-made inventory was used to survey general condition, including age, sex and. education. ② Self-made farmer-worker pressure event scale was adopted to measure the pressures of farmer-workers. The scale contained 8 sub-scales （or named 8 kinds of sources of pressures）： pressure of family, pressure of contradiction, pressure of salary and load, pressure of value and esteem, pressure of human relation, pressure of economic load, pressure of rights and interests and pressure of town adaptation. Whether a certain pressure event having occurred or not and its effect were chosen by farmer-workers. Five-point assessment was used, 1.0-1.5 points as no pressure, 1.5-2.5 points as mild pressure, 2.5-3.5 points as moderate pressure, 3.5-4.5 points as severe pressure and over 4.5 points as extremely severe pressure. ③ Self-made farmer-worker coping style questionnaire was used to test the coping style of farmer-worker, composing 68 items and 9 coping style factors： Solving problem, self-blame, rationalization, asking for help, pipe dreams, keeping out ＂of the way, transferring attentiveness, aggression and depression. Every item had two answers： ＂yes＂ or ＂no＂. For the three items, answering ＂no＂ as 1 point and answering ＂yes＂ as 0 point; for other items, answering ＂yes＂ as 1 point and answering ＂no＂ as 0 point. Persons with lower cultured education made the self-evaluation after reading the question and giving explanation by investigator. Persons with higher cultured education filled out the questionnaire solely. The investigators who were the students and teachers from Huzhou Teachers College were given the same training before the investigation. RESULTS： 240 questionnaires were sent out, and 218 qualified questionnaires were received, with the 90.8% effective rate. ① The highest sources of pressures of the farmer-workers were pressure caused by protection of their rights and interests, economic burden, and working condition ＆ load. The number of farmer-workers who realized the pressure of over moderate or over severe degree accounted for 18.8% and 3.3%, respectively, ② Pressures of value and esteem with rights and protection in the less than 29 years group were higher significantly than those in the 30-39 years group and over 40 years group. Pressure of contradiction and pressure of town adaptation in the illiteracy group were higher that those in the less than middle school farmer-workers and over high school farmer-workers. Pressure of value and esteem in illiteracy and over high school farmer＇ workers was higher than that in the less than middle school farmer-workers. Pressure of human relation in the over high school farmer-workers was higher than that in the less than middle school farmer-workers. The general pressure of the illiteracy group was higher than that in the less than middle school farmer-workers. ③ The common coping styles of farmer-workers when facing frustration, predicament and pressure were solving problems, transferring attentiveness, asking for help and depression. ④ Males mainly used transferring attentiveness as compared with females. People in the 30-39 years group used solving problems as compared with the less than 29 years group and over 40 years group. People in the 30-39 years group used rationalization and pipe dreams as compared with the over 40 years group. People in the less than 29 years group and 30-39 years group adopted transferring attentiveness and aggression as compared with the over 40 years group. Adopting rate of rationalization and depression in the analphabetic farmer-workers was higher than that in the less than middle school farmer-workers. The less than middle school farmer-workers adopted keeping out of the way rarely as compared with the illiteracy and over high school farmer-workers. CONCLUSION： The highest pressures of the farmer-workers are pressure of their rights and interests, economic burden, with working salary and load, followed by pressure of town adaptation, value and esteem, human relation, contradiction and family. Parts of farmer-workers have over moderate and severe pressure. Farmer-workers always adopt more active coping style when facing frustration, predicament and pressure, mainly using solving problem, transferring attentiveness, asking for help and depression.