影响高级足球裁判员临场裁判心理状态稳定性的自身因素及对策分析

Analysis of the self-factors related to the stability of on-the-spot judging mental status in senior football judges and the countermeasures

目的:对影响裁判员临场裁判心理状态的各种因素进行分析,根据分析结果来制定相应的对策,使当前的足球裁判员心理训练和心理调控更具有目的性和针对性。方法:于2000-10/2001-09纳入2001年全国足球高级裁判员培训班接受培训的的全体裁判员共81名进行临场裁判心理状态分析。查阅上海体育学院图书馆的《中文体育期刊篇名目录》(1983/2001)以及外文体育期刊《FIFAMAGAZINE》(1990/2001)和上海体育学院研究生部论文资料室历年研究生毕业论文,通过对文献资料的研究和分析,了解了前人对裁判员和足球裁判员临场裁判心理状态及其影响因素所作的研究。通过对影响裁判员临场裁判心理状态的的各项因素问卷,掌握影响裁判员临场裁判心理状态稳定性的主要因素。向40位中国足协裁判委员会常委、裁判长、运动心理学专家就如何提高高级足球裁判员临场裁判心理状态稳定性的问题进行了专家咨询,提出稳定心理状态的对策。结果:共发放问卷81份,回收完整问卷79份,2份问卷无效,98%进入结果分析。①中国高级足球裁判员临场裁判心理状态稳定性的自身影响因素主要为20条,按等级″影响大″中选择频数和认同率从高到低进行排序后,认同率达60%以上的为9条,依次为运用规则和控制比赛的能力、裁判过程中的快速反应和准确判断能力、职业道德、对竞赛规则及裁判法的掌握和理解、观察能力、裁判时身体机能状况是否处于最佳状态、气质、情绪、注意力[68/(87.2%),65/(83.3%),65/(83.3%),63/(80.8%),58/(74.4%),51/(65.4%),49/(62.8%),48/(61.5%),47/(60.3%)]。②从提高控制比赛的能力、提高观察和准确判断能力、提高职业道德素质、保持裁判时良好的身体机能状态、临场情绪、临场注意力、端正裁判动机、克服气质和性格中消极因素的影响等8个方面提出了44条裁判员在临场裁判过程中提高心理状态稳定性的对策,专家的完全同意率分别为[10/(37.1%)～19/(70.4%)]。结论:足球裁判员整个裁判工作的好坏,自身因素的影响很大,应从提高控制比赛的能力、观察和准确判断能力、职业道德素质、保持裁判时良好的身体机能状态、临场情绪、临场注意力、端正裁判动机、克服气质和性格中消极因素的影响来提高裁判效果。

AIM： To analyze the various factors that affect the on-the-spot judging mental status of senior football judges, and establish corresponding countermeasures according to the analytical results, so as to make the psychological training and adjustment of football judges has more objective and more pertinence. METHODS： Eighty-one judges, who accepted training in the national training class for senior football judges between October 2000 and September 2001, participated in the analysis of on-the-spot judging mental status. The Chinese Physical Education Journal List （1983/2001） of Shanghai Institute of Physical Education, the foreign physical education journal of FIFA MAGAZINE （1990/2001） and the graduation thesis of postgraduates in the paper reference room of the Department of Postgraduates, Shanghai Institute of Physical Education. The former studies about the on-the-spot judging mental status of judges and football judges and the influencing factors were investigated through studying and analyzing the references. The main factors that affected the stability of the on-the-spot judging mental status of judges were grasped through the questionnaires. The problem that how to improve the on-the-spot judging mental status of senior football judges were counseled to 40 deputies, superior judges and sports psychologists, the countermeasures for the stability of mental status were suggested. RESULTS： Totally 81 questionnaires were sent out, and 79 complete ones were recollected, 2 were invalid, and finally 98% were involved in the analysis of results. ① There were mainly 20 self-factors that affected the stability of the on-the-spot judging mental status of Chinese senior football judges. After sorted according to selected frequency and rate of identification in the rank of ＂great influence＂ from high to low, 9 factors had the rate of identification above 60%, which in order were ability in operating rules and control match, ability of rapid reaction and accurate judging during judgment, professional ethics, grasp and understanding of the competitive rules and law of judgment, observational ability, whether the status of physical function was the best during judgment, temperament, emotion and attention [68/（87.2%）, 65/（83.3%）, 65/（83.3%）, 63/（80.8%）, 58/（74.4%）, 51/（65.4%）, 49/（62.8%）, 48/（61.5%）, 47/（60.3%）]. ② A total of 44 countermeasures to improve the stability of the mental status of for the judges during the on-the-spot judgment were suggested from 8 aspects, including improving the ability in controlling match, improving the abilities of observation and accurate judgment, improving the quality of professional ethics, keeping better status of physical function during judgment, on-the-spot emotion, on-the-spot attention, correcting the motivation of judgment and overcoming the influence from the negative factors in temperament and characters, and the rates of complete agreement of the specialists ranged 10/（37.1%） to 19/（70.4%）. CONCLUSION： The quality of complete judgment is greatly affected by the self-factors of football jUdges. The effect of judgment should be improved by improving the ability in controlling match, the abilities of observation and accurate judgment, and the quality of professional ethics, keeping better status of physical function during judgment, on-the-spot emotion, on-the-spot attention, correcting the motivation of judgment and overcoming the influence from the negative factors in temperament and characters.