清道光时期汉族翰林与满洲翰林地位之比较

A Comparison between Chinese Hanlin Scholars and Manchu-Mongol Hanlin Scholars in Social Status in the Reign of Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty

清中期以后，天下大致太平，战事明显减少，高官大吏多起自科举，而科举之中最重翰林。不仅汉族士 人如此，满蒙汉军旗人士子亦如此。此外，清代一直推行“首崇满洲”的国策。在科举方面，虽然在一甲进士和状元 及第等名义上照顾汉族士子，但真正受皇帝信赖倚重的大臣，仍然是本族士子。在翰林群体中，满洲翰林的地位和 作用远远胜过汉族翰林。这一点在鸦片战争前后活跃于政坛的几位翰林身上便能清晰地反映出来。活跃于当时 政坛的两派阵营中的领军人物皆出自翰林，但较量的结果可想而知。本文利用大量第一手资料，对清道光时期满 汉翰林之分歧较量的过程予以深入剖析，验证了“满重汉轻”的历史事实。

After early Qing period, China was comparatively peaceful with fewer wars and high - ranking officials were mainly selected through the imperial exams, focusing on Hanlin scholars. But the Qing Dynasty carried out a national policy of Manchu - First. Speaking of imperial exams, Han examinees had a chance to be selected imperial scholars but still centered with Manchu scholars. In the Hanlin Academy, Manchu took the dominant position over Han, which was disposed clearly by the activities of several Hanlin scholars during the Opium Wars. This thesis disposes the historic fact of Manchu - First and Han - Second in the Qing Dynasty.