抚州青蛙信仰与跳魁星小戏源流考

Philological Studies on the Origins of Frog-faith and TiaoKui-Star Opera of Fuzhou

抚州青蛙信仰的祭祀主题始为驱疫逐祟,后演绎为科举崇拜,在中国南方青蛙信仰民俗中较独特。其源于上古时期星相占卜中对西方白虎七星中“奎星”的崇拜,唐末宋初兴起的江西风水术学说等的交感附会,从而造就供奉活体青蛙的民俗,泛称为“青蛙将军”或“青蛙使者”,主治瘟疫和文章。两宋时抚州科举兴盛,学宫中对北斗七星中的魁星崇拜习俗延续了“青蛙”拟物态神灵的形式,并被傩俗演绎为跳魁星小戏,成为抚州傩祭戏中祭祀主题之一。跳魁星小戏对临川地方戏曲的演制、甚至汤显祖《牡丹亭》文本创作等均产生了一定的影响。

The sacrificial mythos of frog-faith of Fuzhou began with exorcizing ghosts that bring diseases and then deduced to worship the imperial examination system. It＇ s relatively rare in this kind of folk-custom in South China. This faith originated from ancient astrology, in which people shows the respect for ＇ Kui＇ Star of the White Tiger Star in the west. From the end of Tang and the beginning of Song dynasty, the appearance of geomantic omen daeories developed into the custom of offering living frogs, named ＇ Frog General＇ or＇ Frog Herald＇, to have marked effect in treating pestilence and articles. The imperial examination was prosperous during the North and South Song dynasties, official schools maintained the form of visible Frog spirit in the custom of worshiping Kuistar of the Big Dipper, and developed into Tiaokui-star opera and became the main theme of sacrifice in the Nuo Opera （a ritual to exorcize ghosts that bring diseases） of Fuzhou. Tiaokui-star opera plays an important roll in the development of local opera of Linchuan, even the creative write of Tang Xianzu＇ s ＇ the Peony Pavilion＇.