近代天山北麓人口迁移形成的地名景观

The Placename Landscapes Formed by Immigration in the Northern Piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains in the Modern Times

清代以来,新疆天山北麓地区出现了大规模的人口迁移活动,外来人口逐渐占据了当地人口的主体。迁入人口对当地大多数县以下的地名进行了重新命名,使新的地名孕育了移民者本身的文化内涵,具体表现在地名命名方式的差异上,汉语地名多以姓氏、宗教信仰等文化因素命名,蒙古语、哈萨克语地名多重视地理环境因素。在语言上,新地名分别属于汉藏语系和阿尔泰语系,其中,以农业生产为主的汉语地名主要分布在天山北麓东段地区和平原绿洲地带,以游牧业为主的蒙古语、哈萨克语等地名主要分布在天山北麓的西部及适宜于游牧的山区地带。

The northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains covers Yiwu County, Barkol Kazak Autonomous County, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Urumqi City, Shihezi City, Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, which was a typical area of immigration in modern times. Since Qing Dynasty, the large-scale immigration had appeared in the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains, and the immigrants occupied gradually the main body of the local population. The local civilization landscapes were highly influenced by the immigrants, and most places were renamed, and many new placename culture landscapes formed, immigrant culture rooted fully in the new placename system. The main factors influencing the new placename landscapes include the ancestral hometowns, surnames, geographical features, orientation, local functions, military activities, traffic stations, faiths, agriculture production, etc. In languages, the new placename landscapes belong to Sino-Tibetan and Sino-Altay respectively, and thereinto Chinese placenames are mainly distributed in farm belts or plains and oases in the east of northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains, and the Mongolian, Kazak ones are mainly distributed in the west areas and mountainous areas suitable for nomadism. The Chinese placenames are mainly ,named by culture connotation, Chinese surnames, faiths, etc., while seldom named by the factors of physical geography, and only those related to the riversides and lakesides. Moreover, the placenames in Mongolian and Kazak languages are generally named by natural factors in the view field, which are related to the mountains, waters, and nomadism.