论清代大黄制夷观念发展强化的原因

On the Influencing Factors Leading to the Development and Strengthening of the Idea of Controlling Foreigners by Rhubarb in Qing Dynasty

清代大黄制夷观念的发展强化,是多种因素综合作用的结果。由于大黄被中原王朝视为重要药材以及大黄陆海两路贸易的相继发展,大黄发展成为“控驭外夷之具”而付诸实践。在乾隆五十一———五十七年关闭恰克图贸易期间清朝实行大黄制俄。在制俄实践中,为查禁大黄而查禁毛皮,从而引起了系列连锁反应,对清代大黄制夷观念的发展强化产生了复杂而深刻的影响。大黄由对付陆路之夷扩展为对付陆海两路之夷,大黄制夷观念发展为茶黄制夷观念,并付诸于实践。清代社会按成案、成例处理类似事务的严格要求,使得错误观念产生后重重叠加,不断强化,而在不同程度、不同侧面有利于大黄制夷观念消解的因素不受重视,甚至被扼制。在多种因素的综合作用下,清代大黄制夷观念不断发展强化,并在鸦片战争时期盛极一时。

The development and strengthening of the idea of cat, trolling foreigners by rhubarb in Qing Dynasty resulted from many factors functioned coordinately. Because rhubarb was regarded as an important drug and the development of rhubarb trade by land and by sea in succession in Qing Dynasty, rhubarb emerged as the vehicle of controlling foreigners and was put into practice. During the period of stopping Sino-Russia trade, the Qing authority tried to controlling Russia by rhubarb. In order to banning the Sino-Russia rhubarb trade, the Qing authority prohibited the fur trade by land and by sea, both of which led to the complicated and far-reaching influence on the evolution of the idea of controlling foreigners by rhubarb. Rhubarb, first as the vehicle controlling foreigners in land, was further taken as the vehicle controlling by foreigners both in land and on sea and put into practice. The strict demand of dealing with similar problems by precedents and practices resulted in the accumulation of so-call evidence that rhubarb could be used as an important vehicle of controlling foreigners, which led to the strengthening of the old ideas on rhubarb, while the factors were neglected that to some degree contributing to the dissolving of the idea of controlling foreigners by rhubarb. Just because of coordinately functioning of many factors, the idea of controlling foreigners by rhubarb developed and was strengthened constantly, and was prevailed in the period of the Opium War.