转基因鸡生产的理论和实践

Transgenic Poultry:theory and practice

近年来，已成功地将外源基因导入许多动物体内，在提高动物生产率和在免疫学、肿瘤学研究方面做出了巨大贡献，第一个转基因动物是由Ｇｏｒｄｏｎ等于１９８０年培育出的转基因小鼠，转基因动物一词是由Ｇｏｒｄｏｎ和Ｒｕｄｄｌｅ在１９８３年提出的。转基因动物就是指被通过添加或删除一个特殊的ＤＮＡ序列，其遗传结构得到了修饰的动物，其改变了的染色体ＤＮＡ可遗传给后代，通过转基因操作所产生的动物叫做建造动物（ＦｏｕｎｄｅｒＡｎｉ－ｍａｌ），只有部分建造动物的性细胞整合有外源基因［１］。目前为止，转基因动物多数是采取向受精卵原核中注入ＤＮＡ而获得的。自从Ｓｈｕｍａｎ和Ｓｈｏｆｆｎｅｒ［２］在１９８２年第一次将转基因技术应用于家禽之后，许多学者正致力于这方面的工作。家禽的世代周期短，生产性能高，最适合于转基因技术的应用。但家禽繁殖系统的特殊性导致转基因家禽研究，始终落后于其他动物。

The application of transgenic technology to domestic POultry offers an alternative means to conventional practice for improvement of this highly productive agricultural species. The hen's reproductive system has unique characteristics which have imPOsed limitations on the use of established methodsfor artificial gene transfer. Various strategies that have been adopted to overcome the problem are reviewed. Target sites for gene insertion include the mature oocyte, fertilized ovum, the blastodermal embryo in the unincubated egg, and the primordial germ cells. Notable success in obtaining somatic andgermline transformation has been achieved with the use of retroviral vectors to infect the blastodermalembryo.