1Ruiz J. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones : target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA gyrase protection [ J]. J Antimicrob Chemother,2003,51:1109.
2Martinez-Martinez L, Pascual A, Jacoby GA, Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid [ J ]. Lancet, 1998,351 : 797.
3Hawkey PM. Mechanisms of quinolone action and microbial response [ J ]. J Antimicrob Chemother,2003,51:29.
4Tran JH,Jacoby GA. Mechanism of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance[ J ]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ,2002,99( 8 ) : 5638.
5Tran JH,Jacoby GA, Hooper DC. Interaction of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein Qnr with Escherichia coli DNA gyrase[J]. A ntimicrob Agents Chemother,2005 ,49 (1):118.
6Garrido MC, Herrero M Koiter R,et al. The export of the DNA replication inilibitor Microcin B17 provides immunity for the host cell[J]. Embo J, 1988,7:185.
7Lomovskaya O,Kawai F,Matin A.Differential regulation of the mcb and emr operons of Escherichia coil:role of mcb in multidrug resistance[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,1996,40:1050.
8Collis CM,Hall RM.Expression of antibiotic resistance genes in the integrated cassettes of integrons[J].antimicrob Agents Chemother,1995,39:155.
9Wang M, Sahm DF, Jacoby GA, et al. Activities of newer quinolones against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae containing the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnr [ J ]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2004,48 (4) :1400.
1Word JM,Grinsted J. Physical and genetic analysis of the Inc-W group plasmids R388, Sa,and RTK. [J]. Plasmid,1982,7:239
2Schmidt F, Klopfer-Kaul Ⅰ. Evolutionary relationship between Tn21-like elements and pBP21, a plasmid from Klebsiella pneumoniae mediating resistance to gentamicin and eight other drugs. [J]. Mol Gen Genet, 1984,197: 109
3Tanaka M o Yamamoto T,Sawai T. Evolution of complex resistance transposons from an ancestral mercury transposon, [J]. J Bacteriol, 1983,153: 1432
4Meyer JF, Nies BA, Wiedemann B. Amikacin resistance mediated by multiresistance transposon Tn2424. [J]. J Bacteriol, 1983,155: 755
5Cameron FH, Obbink G, Ackerman DJ, et al. Nucleotide sequence of the AAD (2″) aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase determinant aadB. Evolutionary relationship of this region with those surrounding aadA in R538-1 and dbfrⅡ in R388. [J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1986,14: 8625
6Hall RM,Vockler C. The region of the IncN plasmid R46 coding for resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, strepromycin/spectinomycin and sulphonamides is closelyrelated to antibiotic resistance segments found in IncW plasmids and in Tn21-like transposons. [J]. Nucleic Acids Res,1987,15:7491
7Hall RM,Brookes DE,Stokes HW. Site-specific insertion of genes into integrons: role of the 59-base element and determination of the recombination cross-over point, [J]. Mol Microbiol, 1991,5: 1941
8Rechia GD,Hall RM. Gene cassettes:a new class of mobile element. [J]. Microbiol, 1995,141: 3015
9Fluit AC,Schmitz FJ. Class 1 integrons, gene cassettes, mobility and epidemiology. [J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis,1999,18(11):761
10Hall RM, Brown HJ, Brookes DE,et al. Integrons found in different locations have identical 5′ends but variable 3′ends. [J]. J Bacteriol, 1994,176: 6286
3Deguchi T, Yasuda M, Nakano M, et al. Detection of mutations in the gyrA and the parC genes in quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae [J]J Antimicrob Chemother, 1997, 40 (4): 543.
5Chapman JS, Georgopapadakou NH. Fluorometric assay for fleroxacin uptake by bacterial cells [J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1989, 33 (1): 27.
6Mortimer PGS, Piddock LlV. A comparison of method used fur measuring the accumulation of quinolones for Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1991, 28 (5): 639.
7Hirai K, Aoyama H, Suzue S, et al. Isolation and characterization of norfloxacin-resistant mutants of Esehefichia eoli K- 12[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1986, 30 (2):248.
8Poole K. Efflux-mediated resistance to fluoroquinolones in gramnegative bacteria [J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2000,44 (9): 2233.
9Jeannot K, Elsen S, Kohler T, et al.Resistance and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains overproducing the Mex- CD-OprJ efflux pump[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2008, 52 (7): 2455.
10Mahamoud A, Chevalier J, Alibert-Franco S, et al. Antibiotic efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria: the inhibitor response strategy [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2007, 59(6):1223.
