1Ts‘ui -jung Liu, Demographic Aspects of Urbanization in the Lower Yangzi Region of China, c. 1500-1900, in Ad van der Woudo, Akira Hayami, Jan de Vries (ed.), Urbanization in History: A Process of Dynamic Interactions, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990,P. 347.
2TaChen, Population in Modern China , Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1946, P.57.
3参见 Gang Deng, The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural equilibrium and capitalist sterility, London and New York: Routledge, 1999, P.16.
4Jean Chesneanx (trans. By H. M. Wright), The Chinese Labor Movement 1919-1927, P.53.