中国的农民专业合作社与制度安排

On the Institutional Arrangements of Farmer Cooperatives in China

近年来,各种形式的农民专业合作社在中国得到了迅速发展,政府也对农民专业合作社给予了一定的重视,但总体上中国农民专业合作社仍然处于比较低的发展层次。本文首先简要地描述了中国农民专业合作社的整体发展现状,然后分析了中国农民专业合作社发生和发展的制约因素(土地细碎化、农民分化、合作社企业家匮乏、政府顾虑、农业经济发展路径独特、相关法律制度缺失、与其他组织的潜在矛盾等),接着逐一分析了中国农民专业合作社的组织形式、决策机制、分配机制,说明在上述诸多制约因素的影响下,自20世纪90年代以来的中国农民专业合作社从一开始就呈现出与传统合作社的原则和形式不同的状态,至少在以浙江省为代表的沿海地区呈现出鲜明的如同“新一代合作社”那样的制度安排和发展趋势。

In recent years, various types of farmer' s cooperatives have developed rapidly in China and the government has attached certain importance to them. However, generally speaking, farmer' s cooperatives in China develop at a rather low level. The paper briefly describes the actualities of the overall development of farmer' s cooperatives in China, analyzes the restrictive factors (fragment of land, polarization of farmers, lack of cooperative entrepreneurs, worries of the government, rural economic developing route, etc.) of the rise and development of farmer's cooperatives in China and illustrates the organizational form, decision-making mechanism and benefit mechanism of farmer's cooperatives in China. Influenced by the above-mentioned restrictive factors, farmer' s cooperatives in China have been different from the traditional ones in rules and forms since 1990s. At least, the farmer's cooperatives in the coastal districts such as Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province and Shanghai City show the distinctive features of the system arrangement and development trend as 'a new generation cooperatives' .