天:王之为王的可能与根据——董仲舒对王者之名的哲学诠解

Heaven: the Possibility and Basis of Being a Monarch——Dong Zhongshu's Philosophical Interpretations of Being a Monarch

董仲舒在天与王的先验关系中,建构出国主人君之位的基本性质和伦理的、道德的、政治的客观要求。通过对天的绝对权威和无上尊严的确认,确立起人君国主的德性标准和行为规则。从哲学的高度论证出“皇帝”即“天子”,是董仲舒的发明。王,既作为类群性质的人的社会核心性因素而存在,而且也已被置入到“天——地——人”的三重结构之中。为君作王的重要职责就是把天、地、人三者有机贯穿起来,形成一个彼此融合的宇宙整体。王者应该在自己的政治生活中体现出对天道的效法和绝对遵循。

On the relationship between heaven and monarch, Dong Zhongshu delineates the essence of the positions of being state, master, people and sovereign, and the objective ethical, moral, and political requirements. Affirming heaven＇s absolute authority and supreme dignlty, he sets up the moral standards and behavioral rules for people, sovereign, state and master. Philosophically, he expounds and proves that ＇emperor＇ is the ＇son of heaven＇. Monarch exists as a social humanoid core and is integrated in ＇heaven-earth-man＇ trinity. The major responsibility of being a sovereign is to unite in an organic manner heaven, earth and man, so that a mutually accommodated cosmos can take its shape. A sovereign should express himself in his political life that he models himself on and observes absolutely Heaven＇s way.