栗属分子生物学研究进展

The Progress of the Molecular Biological Studies on Castanea (Tourn.) L.

壳斗科(Fagaceae)栗属(Castanea)植物的7个种分布广泛,不仅可用于木材生产,而且在坚果生产上也占有独特地位。基于形态学、同工酶、子叶储藏蛋白和RAPD数据,通过对分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美的栗属植物的遗传多样性研究表明中国板栗(Castaneamollissima)是世界栗属植物的原始种,长江流域是中国板栗的遗传多样性中心,土耳其是欧洲板栗的起源中心之一。在分子标记辅助育种方面,已发表了基于形态学、同工酶、RAPD和ISSR数据的两张栗属植物的遗传连锁图谱,其中一个是用欧洲板栗种内杂交后代F1全部单株构建的,另一张是用美洲板栗与中国板栗种间杂交后代F2单株构建的,并已经定位了3个假定的栗疫病抗性位点;并且证明在多年生木本果树上同工酶基因可通过连锁关系分析与形态基因整合为1个单一基因图而无需另外的杂交。从栗属植物中已分离纯化了包括可抑制HIV-1反转录酶活性的Mollisin在内的几丁质酶等抗真菌蛋白、胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、热击蛋白、红血球凝集素、脱水素、花粉过敏原等功能蛋白质,并已经克隆了包括伤害应答基因在内的部分功能蛋白质相关基因。因此,作为具有独特性质的栗属植物,有必要开展更多的研究,就此本文对栗属植物遗传多样性、分子标记辅助育种和功能蛋白纯化和有关基因克隆等几方面的研究进展进行了总结,希望能位同行提供参考。

The genus Castanea, belonging to the Fagaceae, includes seven species, which are Castanea moUissima BL., Castanea seguinii Dode., Castanea henryi （skan） Rehd.et Wils., native to China, Castanea crenata Sieb. ＆ Zucc., native to Japanese and Korean Peninsula, Castanea dentate Marsh.,Castanea pumila Mill., native to America, and Castanea sativa Mill., native to Europe and West Asia. Castanea is the one of the most important tree species to the production of timbers and nuts. Based on morphological, isozyme, storage proteins in cotyledon and RAPD data, Castanea mollissima is the originated species of the Castanea, and the Yangtze River valley is the center of genetic diversity of Castanea mollissima, while Turkey is one of the supposed centers of origin of Castanea sativa. Two genetic linkage maps have been constructed based on morphological, isozyme, ISSR and RAPD, and 3 putative loci resistant to the chestnut blight fungus （Chryphonectria parasitica） have been located. In wood species, isozyme genes can be integrated with morphological marker genes into a single linkage map without the need for additional crosses. Some of the functional proteins from Castanea have been purified, such as chitinase, mollisin, small heat-shock protein, lectin, allergen and dehydrin, and some related genes have been also cloned. In this paper, we summarized the studies on the genetic diversity, molecular marker assisted breeding, the purification of functional proteins and the cloning of related genes.