DNA分子标记在银杏中的应用

Application of DNA Molecular Markers in Ginkgo biloba

DNA分子标记广泛用于生物研究的许多方面。本文简要介绍了RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR及ISSR等几种目前常用分子标记的原理,归纳总结了分子标记在银杏中的应用研究进展。(1)获得了2个雄性特有的RAPD标记和2个雌性特有的AFLP标记,为银杏的早期性别鉴定及相关基因克隆奠定了基础;(2)采用RAPD标记和ISSR标记对我国部分栽培品种进行了分子鉴别和分类的研究,编制了一些品种的DNA指纹检索表;(3)利用RAPD和ISSR标记对一些群体、个体及栽培品种或变异类型进行了遗传分化和遗传多样性研究,结果发现银杏具有较高的遗传多样性,群体间、个体间、栽培品种及类型间都存在不同程度的遗传分化;(4)利用ISSR标记对一些个体的遗传杂合性进行了研究,结果显示个体的平均杂合率为43.53%;(5)构建了包含62个RAPD标记、19个连锁群的银杏分子遗传图谱;(6)探索了银杏优先保护种群的确定。分子标记在银杏其它方面的应用还很少。今后,除了继续对上述方面进行深入系统的研究外,还应充分运用DNA分子标记技术,开展银杏的分子标记辅助选择育种、种质评价与鉴别及保育生物学等方面的研究。

DNA molecular markers have been widely used in lots aspects of biological researches. This paper concisely introduced the principle of the most frequently used molecular markers-RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR and ISSR, summarized the progress of their application in Ginkgo biloba researches. It showed： （1） 2 male-specific RAPD markers and 2 female-specific AFLP markers were obtained, which provided basis for Ginkgo＇s early sex identification and relevant genes cloning; （2） molecular identification and classification of some varieties in china were researched with RAPD and ISSR, DNA fingerprinting key of some varieties was constructed; （3） genetic differentiation and diversity of some populations, individuals, varieties or types were analyzed with RAPD and ISSR, revealing that Ginkgo had pretty high genetic diversity and certain differentiation existed among populations, individuals, varieties and types; （4） genetic heterozygosity of some individuals was analyzed with ISSR, showing that the average was 43.53%; （5） a molecular linkage map including 62 RAPD markers and 19 linkage groups was constructed; （6） population selection for conservation with priority was explored. Few works had been done with molecular markers to other aspects of Ginkgo researches. Besides further deep-going and systematic researches on the above aspects, it is suggested that in the future more attention be paid on the application of molecular markers to Ginkgo researches in such aspects as marker-assisted selection breeding, germplasm valuation and identification, and conservation biology etc.