中国公民社会:概念、分类与制度环境

Civil Society in China: Concepts, Classification and Institutional Environment

本文对公民社会、第三部门、制度环境、民间组织、非政府组织、非营利组织、中介组织、群众团体、社会团体、人民团体等概念做了比较和辨析;分别从学术研究和行政管理两个角度对中国民间组织的分类提出了自己的建议;着重分析了中国公民社会现存制度环境的主要特征。中国公民社会制度环境的特征,典型地体现为宏观鼓励与微观约束、分级登记与双重管理、双重管理与多头管理、政府法规与党的政策、制度剩余与制度匮乏、现实空间与制度空间的共存。

This article provides a comparison and differentiation of such concepts as civil society, the third sector, institutional environment, civil society organizations(CSOs or minjian zuzhi), non-government organizations(NGOs), non-profit organizations(NPOs), intermediate organizations(zhongjie zuzhi), social associations or mass groups(qunzhong tuanti), social groups(shehui tuanti)and people's groups(renmin tuanti). The author offers suggestions in the classification of private organizations(minjian zuzhi) in China from the perspectives of scholarly research and administrative management. The focus is on analysis of the main characteristics of the current institutional environment of Chinese civil society. As the author points out in his analysis, the institutional environment of civil society in contemporary China is characterized by the coexistence of encouragement at the macro-level and restriction at the micro-level; registration at different levels and dual management; dual management and multiple management; government regulations and Party policies; institutional redundancy and institutional deficiencies; and the co-existence of real space and institutional space.