国家与地方的公共卫生——以1918年山西肺鼠疫流行为中心

Central and Local-level Public Health as Seen in the 1918 Plague in Shanxi Province

面对1918年初山西的肺鼠疫流行,中央政府与山西省政府合作,实行全民动员,迅速扑灭疫情,是为“国家的公共卫生”。1918年秋天及以后,山西临县、兴县鼠疫流行不断,人口死亡众多,中央政府和山西省政府仅表达有限的关注,防疫几乎成为县级政府的事务,是为“地方的公共卫生”。遏止疫情扩散的河流和山脉成为国家与地方的边界。围绕山西鼠疫的防治,展现的是地方政府与中央政府的权力分立、交织与转化的过程。

Pneumonic plague broke out in Shanxi province in the early 1918. The central government worked together with the Shanxi provincial government in mobilizing the people, and soon put an end to the epidemic. That could be called“national-level public health.”In the autumn of that year, Bubonic plague broke out continuously in Linxian and Xingxian in Shanxi. However, the central and the provincial governments did little except show limited concern. The burden of fighting the epidemic fell almost solely on the county governments. That was the“public health by the local governments.”The rivers and valleys that stopped the spread of the epidemic became a borderline separating the sphere of influence of the central and the local governments. The fight against the plague in Shanxi showed the division, overlapping and transformation of power between the central government and the local governments.