土壤环境质量指导值与标准研究 Ⅱ·污染土壤的健康风险评估

STUDY ON SOIL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS Ⅱ.HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTED SOILS

快速城市化进程与工业发展,使得土壤污染日益严重。污染物进入土壤后,经水、气、生物等介质传输,通过饮水、呼吸、饮食、皮肤吸收等途径引起人体暴露,带来健康风险。污染土壤健康风险评估是制定土壤环境质量标准的基础,是一项新的环境管理技术与手段。我国污染土壤的健康风险评估还非常欠缺,为了推动其发展,本文讨论了其研究进展、方法、存在问题与发展趋势。当前,还缺乏准确定量的风险表征方法,评估过程中还具有较大不确定性。污染土壤的健康风险评估正在向多介质、多途径以及多种污染物暴露的方向发展,模型模拟的方法将会得到更多的应用。为了建立准确定量风险评估方法,在未来研究中需要加强对风险评估相关机理研究。这包括污染物的迁移传输规律、污染物的剂量-效应关系和人群生活方式等。

Soil pollution is deteriorating due to rapid urbanization and industrial development. Once released into soils, pollutants are transferred to other environmental media such as water, air and biota. They pose health risks to humans via various exposure pathways including drinking water, inhalation, food, dermal contact etc. As a new environmental management tool, health risk assessment （HRS） of polluted soil forms the base for establishing soil environmental quality standards. So far, limited research work has been done in China in relation to HRS of polluted soils. As an effort to boost its development in China, this article reviewed the advance in related research, methodology, existing problems and future trends. HRS of polluted soils is moving towards multi-media, multi-pathways and multi-pollutants risk assessment. Model simulation will be widely used in HRS. Currently, many uncertainties still remain in the quantification of HRS. To make it reliable, future research should focus on developing quantitative methods including pollutants transport models, dose-response relationship, and time-activity patterns of population etc.