马克思主义:从建构性理想到调节性理想——借康德的视角来看

Marxism: From Constitutive Ideal to Regulative Ideal——From Kantian Perspective

康德区分现象和物自身,认为人只能对可以感性直观的对象形成知识,心灵、世界整体和上帝等总体性概念没有可以直观的对象,只是纯粹理性的理念,可以用来调节经验知识,表达实践理想,而不能用来建构经验知识。马克思在克服康德二元论局限的过程中,跨越了经验知识和超越性理念之间的界限,或者根据一些经验现象去断言历史总体,或者根据关于历史总体的理想去定位经验事实,以期对历史总体加以经验的建构。马克思主义在全球的实践已经表明,经验地建构历史的总体,不论在理论上还是在实践上都是不可能的,马克思主义的意义在于充当社会的调节性理想而不是建构性理想。

Kant distinguishes phenomena and things-in-themselves, and holds knowledge of what can be intuited by sensation, and concepts of totality such as god, not having their intuitive objects, are ideas of pure reason, which can be a that man can only have mind, cosmic whole and pplied to regulate empirical knowledge and to express practical ideal, but cannot be applied to constitute empirical knowledge. When Marx overcomes Kant＇ s limitation of dualism, he ignores the boundary between empirical knowledge and transcendent ideas, so as to judge history as a whole just based on some empirical phenomena, or to define empirical facts according to the ideal concerning history as a whole, and his purpose is to constitute empirically history as a whole. Marxist practice in the world, both in the East and in the West, has told us that it is impossible to constitute empirically history as a whole neither in theory nor in practice, and the value of Marxism is to be a regulative ideal but not a constitutive ideal.