论武装冲突中性暴力的刑事责任承担

On the Penal Responsibilities of the Sexual Violence in the Armed Conflict

武装冲突中的性暴力是指在武装冲突的场合下发生的所有的具有性侵害性质的行为。当武装冲突中的性暴力构成国际犯罪时,犯罪行为人要承担个人国际刑事责任。个人承担的国际刑事责任分为直接的个人刑事责任和间接的个人刑事责任。直接的个人刑事责任是指行为人单独或共同实施构成国际犯罪的性暴力所应承担的国际刑事责任。间接的个人刑事责任则是指国家或国家机关以外的团体或组织以及团体或组织的负责人指挥、命令他人实施国际犯罪所应当承担的刑事责任。国家不能承担国际刑事责任。但是,当个人实施的性暴力行为属于“可归因于”国家的行为时,被视为是国家的行为,因此国家要承担国际责任。物质和精神赔偿是国家承担责任对妇女的性暴力的主要形式。

War sexual violence refers to any infringing acts that take on sexual nature, which happened during armed conflict. If the sexual violence committed during the armed conflict constitutes international crime, the individual who commits the crime should bear the international individual criminal responsibility. And the international individual criminal responsibility includes direct individual international individual criminal responsibility and indirect international individual criminal responsibility. The former refers to the individual who should bear the international individual criminal responsibility for he committed international crime by himself or with others. The later refers to party, organization except state or state organ, or leader of the party or the organization who commanded or ordered others to commit the international crime, should bear international criminal responsibility. State couldn＇t bear criminal responsibility. But if the sexual violence committed by individual can be attributed to state action, the state should bear state responsibility. War reparations and apologies are the main ways to the state responsibility.