新疆阿勒泰牧区雪灾遥感监测体系构建与灾害评价系统研究

Establishment of snow disaster remote sensing monitoring and damage estimation systems in Altai pastoral region of Xinjiang.

以新疆阿勒泰牧区为例,利用NOAA卫星数据与地面观测资料,结合草地类型图和季节放牧利用图,确立了以冬春草场为主的雪灾遥感监测区域.在综合分析雪灾对牧区经济影响因子及草地资源分布特征的基础上,构建了基于3S技术与常规监测手段综合集成的牧区雪灾监测与灾害评价信息处理模式及雪灾遥感监测评价体系和灾情等级分级体系.选择自然和社会经济两大系统20项指标,以受灾面积、牧草被积雪掩埋高度比、持续低温天数和牲畜死亡率4个主成分因子作为灾情等级分级指标,建立了灾情判别模型和灾害损失估测模型,定量描述牧区雪灾状况.结果表明,该体系能较准确地反映雪灾的危害程度和灾情状况,初步实现了牧区雪灾大面积的动态遥感监测与灾害的科学评价.

It is of significance to establish an integrated evaluation system of snow disaster in northern pastoral areas. Based on the NOAA satellite digital images, field observation data, and maps of grassland type and seasonal pastureland, this paper selected the winter and spring pasturelands in Aletai region of Xinjiang as the main area of snow disaster-remote sensing monitoring. With affecting factors of economy and the characteristics of natural resource distribution comprehensively analyzed, and using 3S techniques and field survey information, a fundamental information processing model for integrated evaluation of snow disaster was built up, and snow disaster-spatial evaluation indices and damage level systems were constructed. Natural and social systems and 20 indices were selected in snow disaster evaluation indicator system. Four principal factors, i. e., snow cover area, snow depth on grassland, persistence days of low temperature, and livestock death rate, were used as the grading indices of snow disaster damage level, and the models of snow disaster identification and loss estimatation were set up to quantitatively analyze snow disaster. The results indicated that the system could accurately reflect the details of snow hazard grade and the situation of a disaster in temporal and spatial scales, which would help to carry out the dynamic monitoring and scientific estimatation of big area＇s snow disaster in pastoral region.