哲学“幻想”、意识形态“常识”与政治“实践”——葛兰西、柯尔施与马克思意识形态理论比较研究

Philosophical "Illusion",Ideological "Common Sense" and Political "Praxis": A Comparison Between Ideology Theory of Gramsci,Korsch and Marx

葛兰西和柯尔施的意识形态理论,是通过其关于哲学的“幻想”、意识形态“常识”以及政治“实践”等范畴和思想而得以体现的。在哲学“幻想”中,他们通过对哲学以及哲学与意识形态关系等问题的探讨,对庸俗唯物主义哲学的各种思潮和表现进行了批判,并在此基础上对马克思主义哲学提出了自己的理解,即实践哲学式的理解范式;在意识形态“常识”中,他们通过对“常识”等日常心理和思维因素的分析,提出了意识形态理论探索的新维度,即文化和具体层面的意识形态问题,这也是他们对马克思意识形态理论的一次西方马克思主义式的阐释;在政治“实践”中,他们通过对“市民社会”、霸权、政治与意识形态(主要是上层建筑与基础)之间的关系问题以及政党和知识分子等问题的探讨,从社会学、政治学和历史学的角度进一步阐述了他们的实践哲学思想。

Ideology theory of Gramsci and Korsch are embodied by such category as philosophical ＂illusion＂, ideological ＂common sense＂, political ＂praxis＂ and its related thoughts. That is to say, by philosophical ＂illusion＂, they discuss philosophy and the relationship of philosophy and ideology, and based on these discuss, they criticize the ＂vulgar＂ materialism and understanding Marx＇s philosophy as praxis philosophy. By ideological ＂common sense＂, they analyze ＂common sense＂ and provide us with the new dimension of ideology research, that is focused on the culture and specific level of ideology, which is the main characteristic of ideology theory of the Western Marxism. By political ＂praxis＇, based on the category of ＂civil society＂, hegemony, the relationship of political and ideology（especially the base and superstructure）, party and intellectual, they convey their own understand of ideology of Marx. Therefore, philosophical ＂illusion＂, ideological ＂common sense＂ and political ＂praxis＂ are the main reference for comparison of ideology theory of Gramsci, Korsch and Marx.