萨特论自由与处境的吊诡性

Sartre on the Contradiction between Freedom and Situation

在讨论“人如何必须为他自己的行为负责”这一问题时,传统有关决定论和自由意志的讨论都忽略了行动者与处境的关系,本文试图从萨特的思想出发对这一问题提供一种解答。萨特认为,人的行动虽受“现实性”的制约,但人仍是绝对自由的,因他能通过赋予现实性以意义而把它塑造为具体的处境,并在这一处境中作出他的选择,承担他的责任。因此,自由与处境虽存在着矛盾,但自由仍有着优先的地位。

When discussing the question of how should man be responsible for his action, the traditional discussion about determinism and free will neglects the relationship of agent and situation. From the thought of Sartre, this article tries to raise a new answer to the question. In Sartre＇s opinion, the action of the man is restricted by the ＂facticity＂, but man is absolutely free. By investing the meaning in the facticity, man could make it be the concrete situation. And in this situation, man could make his choice and undertake his responsibility. As a result, freedom and situation are contradicting, but freedom has the priority.