近代山陕地区地理环境与水权保障系统

The Geography of Shanxi and Shaanxi and the System for Protecting Water Rights in Modern Times

山陕地区地处干旱、半干旱地理环境,由于水资源短缺,水权直系民生。本文围绕水权这一主题,探讨了山陕地区水权保障系统的运作方式、渠系间权益特点与维护原则,并指出依托灌渠这种水资源获取形式,水资源分配一般形成灌渠、利户两个受益层面,对应这两个受益层面,水权保障系统形成以渠系、村落为基点的地缘水权圈以及以家族为中心的血缘水权圈,两个圈层相互交织,杂融社会习俗、社会惯性为一体,在乡村社会中占有重要地位。

Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces are made up of arid and semiarid areas. Because of a lack of water resources, water rights became a key part of people's lives in this region. Centering on water rights, this article explores the management of the water rights protection system, and the differing maintenance principles and characteristics of rights in different irrigation channels. It also points out that when the water supply relied on irrigation channels, as it did here, the distribution of water resources tended to develop two levels of beneficiaries: the irrigation channels and the residents who acquired the water resources. Corresponding to these two levels, the water rights protection system formed geographical water rights circles, based on irrigation channel systems and villages, and consanguineous water rights circles, centered on clans. These two kinds of circles mingled with each other, and mixed with social conventions and social inertia, playing important roles in country society.