健美操训练对女大学生身体形态功能的影响

Effect of aerobic training on the body shape and physical function of female university students

目的:从形态、功能方面观察健美操对学生体质的影响,分析健美操的锻炼效果。方法:于2004-03/11采用随机抽样方法选定华中师范大学二年级女生43人作为调查对象,年龄19～21岁。采用作者自行编排的用时25min的健美操进行6个月的训练。健美操分3部分:第1部分以伸展、牵拉性的动作为主;第2部分以腰腹练习为主;第3部分以下肢练习为主。女大学生训练3次/周,60min/次。训练前后分别进行18项指标的测试,其中形态指标选用身高、体质量、胸围、腰围、臀围、大腿围、小腿围、上臂围、皮脂厚度(腹肌、肩胛肌);功能测试选用基础脉搏、血压、每分钟呼吸频数、肺活量;素质指标选用100m,800m、仰卧起坐;派生指标:体质量/身高指数、胸围指数(胸围-1/2身高)、血压指数(脉压差/收缩压×100)。训练前后差异显著性采用t检验。结果:女大学生43人均测得各指标,全部进入结果分析。①体质量/身高指数差异显著,腰、腹、大腿围度变化比较大,腰围平均减少2.28cm。改变了女大学生的体型特点。②女大学生平均脉搏(安静时)由78.7次/min减少到73.1次/min,出现较明显的心搏徐缓。呼吸频率减少,肺活量增加,收缩压由训练前的108.3mmHg上升到112.8mmHg,舒张压由78.7mmHg下降到72.7mmHg。血压指数提高。③100m运动成绩提高较为明显,反映心血管功能的耐力素质(800m运动成绩)提高不显著。结论:①系统的健美操训练能改变女大学生的身体形态。②自编健美操运动强度适宜,使心血管和呼吸系统功能增强,表现在安静时心率和呼吸频率减慢、血压指数增加、肺活量增大。③健美操活动部位较多,但身体各部运动幅度和运动负荷不够均匀,腰腹、下肢运动较多,上肢运动较少。④健美操训练可提高女大学生的身体素质指标如运动速度、腹肌力量。

AIM： To observed the influence of aerobics on the physical fitness of students from the aspects of form and function, and analyze the training effect of aerobics. METHODS： Forty-three female sophomores aged 19-21 years of Huazhong Normal University were selected as the subjects by means of random sampling between March and November 2004. They all participated in the training of a set of 25-minute self-designed aerobics for 6 months. The aerobics had three parts： Part one was mainly the activities of stretching and traction： Part two was exercise mainly for waist and abdomen; Part three was exercise mainly for lower limbs. The female students exercised for 3 times a week, and 60 minutes for each time. Totally 18 indexes were tested before and after training respectively, including form indexes of body height, body mass. circumferences of chest, waist, hip, thigh, leg and upper arm, skin-fold thickness （abdominal muscle and scapular muscle）. The basic pulse, blood pressure, respiratory frequency per minute and vital capacity were measured in the test of function. The 100-m and 800-m running and sit-ups were selected as the indexes of physical fitness. The derived indexes were body mass/body height index, index of chest circumference （chest circumference-1/2 body height） and blood pressure： index （pulse pressure difference/systolic pressure×100）. The significance of the difference before and after training was analyzed with the t test. RESULTS： All the 43 female students were involved in the analysis of results. ① The difference of body mass/body height index was significant, the circumferences of waist, abdomen and thigh had great changes, the circumference of waist decreased by 2.28 cm averagely, the body shape of the female students changed. ②The mean pulse （at rest） of the female students decreasod from 78.7 to 73.1 beats per minute, and obvious bradycardia occurred. The respiratory frequency reduced, vital capacity increased, the systolic pressure increased from 108,3 mm Hg to 112.8 mm Hg, the diastolic pressure decreased from 78.7 mm Hg to 72.7 mm Hg, and the blood pressure index increased. ③ The result of 100-m running improved more obviously, but that of 800-m running which reflected the endurance of cardiovascular function did not improved significantly. CONCLUSION： ①Systematic aerobic training can change the body shape of female university students. ②The self-designed aerobics have suitable intensity, it enhances the function of cardiovascular and respiratory function, which are manifested by the slow down of resting heart reat and respiratory frequency, increase of blood pressure index, and increase of vital capacity. ③ Many sites are involved in the aerobics, but the exercise amplitude and load of each part are not even, the exercises are more for waist, abdomen and lower limbs, but fewer for upper limbs. ④ Aerobic training can improve the indexes for physical fitness of motor velocity and abdominal muscular strength in female students.