知道感与不知道感:一个关于元记忆判断的双过程假设

Feeling-of-Knowing and Feeling-of-not-Knowing: A Dual-process Hypothesis on Metamemory Judgments

最新的认知神经科学证据显示:“知道感”(FOK,feeling-of-know ing)与“不知道感”(FOnK,feeling-of-not-know ing)是由两种不同的认知与脑机制所实现的。这一设想质疑了自Hart以来的知道感研究中对二者不加区分的处理方法并具有重要的理论意义。目前知道感研究中具有代表性的可接近模型(Accessib ility Model)认为:可获得的相关信息总量决定知道感的高低,信息的总量越多,知道感判断就越高。而“双过程假设”则认为:人们具有对各种已获得的信息加以鉴别的能力,能够把与实际回忆的成败确实有关的“相关信息”与实际上无效的“无关信息”区别开来,对“相关信息”的认可促成了FOK,而对“无关信息”的抑制和正确否定则促成了FOnK。

Although studies on feeling-of-knowing （FOK） generally assume it is a continuum that varies from weak to strong, recent neuroimaging studies indicated FOK and feeling-of-not-knowing （FOnK） involved different neural networks. This suggested FOK and FOnK might be supported by distinct cognitive brain processes and implied a dual-process model of FOK. In this paper, some theoretical aspects of this model were considered. Different from the accessibility model that postulated FOK relied on the accessibility of retrieved information, dual-process model proposed the accessible information were to be evaluated and discriminated by metamemory mechanism. The task-related part of the information was accepted and taken in the metamemo,7 prediction, constituting the positive FOK, whereas the task-unrelated part of the information was rejected and excluded from the metamemo,7 prediction, constituting the negative FOnK. The behavioral evidences that supported the dual-process model were also discussed.