流域污染负荷模型的比较研究

Capability comparison among watershed pollution loading models

对美国目前常用的一些用于流域总量管理的数学模型进行了概括分类,把收集到47个模型划分为流域负荷模型、受纳水体模型和集成化模拟系统三类,并选择其中的19个流域污染负荷模型作为重点进行了比较研究。针对这19个模型,首先对各模型的主要输入数据、模型主要的输出信息、模型所能处理的土地利用类型、模型中水文侵蚀和沉积物的计算机理、污染负荷计算结果的基本形式、所能模拟的污染物类型、模型的时间尺度特征、模型软件的提供者等9个方面作了较为详细的介绍。在此基础上,结合文献调研和对部分模型实际使用的效果,从模型处理不同土地利用类型(包括对流域点源的识别和处理)的适用性、对不同时间尺度的适应性、水文过程的模拟能力、不同类型污染物负荷的计算能力、对污染物运移过程的描述、模型结果输出的友好性、输入数据的需求程度、评估和设计污染总量管理措施的支持能力、以及使用说明文档的完备性等9个方面,对模型性能进行了定性评估,分别用“高”、“中”、“低”来表示模型的优劣程度。

The 47 models used for river basin management are collected and classified into loading model, the receiving water model and the integrated modeling system. Among them, three categogies： the watershed nineteen models calculating watershed pollution load are studied. Firstly, this paper describes their input data, output, land use type, the hydrologic computing mechanics, the pollutants and sediments types, the time scale, and the software providers. Based on the modeling application and the relative literature reports, a qualitative evaluation is made from the angels of the suitability to the different land use type and the different time scale, the hydrological simulation capability, the simulation capability of the different pollutant loads, the routing methods of pollutants transportation, the output format, the input requirements, the BMP analysis supporting, and the documentation. The evaluation results are expressed by the ＇High＇ , ＇Middle＇ and ＇Low＇, which indicate the capability status of the model from the good to the poor.