存在主义与马克思主义——萨特的理论整合

Existentialism and Marxism—— On Sartre's Theoretical Integration

萨特在存在主义与马克思主义之间进行的理论整合,为我们留下了非常宝贵的思想资源。为了找到“人的真理”,存在主义强调从意识的意向性出发,马克思主义坚持从历史的实践性出发。前者有现象学本体论的支持,后者有唯物辩证法的根据。结果,前者看到了个体的“绝对自由”,后者看到了社会的“阶级压迫”。他重新引入“个体实践”、“惰性实践”、“匮乏”、“总体性”等概念,试图建立一个历史主动性的解释模式。不过他内心深处所坚守的现象学存在主义,使得他与马克思主义的关系很不牢固,他始终在模棱两可的思想转换中犹豫着。

Sartre＇s attempt of integration between Marxism and existentialism leaves to us precious ideological resources. In order to discover ＂the truth about man＂, existentialism emphasizes the consciousness while Marxism emphasizes historical practice. The former is supported by ontology in phenomenology while the latter is based on evidence from material dialectics. As a result, the former discovered ＂absolute liberty＂ of individuals, while the latter discovered the class oppression in the society. Sartre introduced the concepts of ＂individual practice＂, ＂practico-inerr＂, ＂scarcity＂, ＂holistic＂ with the intention to establish an active and historical framework. Nevertheless, deep in his thought he stuck to phenomenology and existentialism. Consequently his thought was not stable marked by hesitations over ambiguous ideas.