海洋环境基因组学在海洋生态研究中的应用

Application of marine environmental genomics in marine ecology

海洋环境基因组学是功能基因组学的一个分支学科,它将基因组学的最新技术引入到海洋生态环境的研究当中,得到了许多有价值的研究成果,显示出巨大的发展潜力。文章总结了海洋环境基因组学所开展的工作和已取得的成果,指出目前海洋环境基因组学的工作主要集中在三个领域:海洋生物基因资源文库的建立与完善;海洋生物对环境胁迫的应激反应及生理机制的研究;探索不同生物种群的基因表达谱是否与生物地理分布相关联。并着重讨论了利用基因组学技术研究环境胁迫对海洋生物物种的分布、生物物种间的相互作用以及水生物疾病的影响。如海洋环境基因组学通过测定基因表达谱的变化,研究海洋生物对环境温度的生理响应,绘制出生物地理图谱;通过测定基因转录水平的变化,更深入地了解温度变化所造成的生理支出,从而预测热气候漂移可能给海洋生态环境所造成的影响。在水生物疾病的研究方面,海洋环境基因组学用DNA微阵列技术分析染病生物的基因表达谱,筛选出发生变化的基因表达,为理解病毒感染机制提供了大量信息。还可以深入研究环境胁迫因子与微生物种群群落的组成关系,并由此找到通过维持水体的微生态平衡来消除某些病害发生的环境条件。

Marine environmental genomies is a branch of the functional genomics which has developed rapidly recently. It helps u to gain new insights into marine ecology via the application of latest-developing genomie approaches. The achievements and ongoin work in this field are presented in this article. We present a survey of ongoing projects that captures the state of genomies in studie of marine systems： expanding geaomie resource base for marine organisms; advancing our understanding of the response of matin organisms to environmental stresses and their physiological mechanism; Assessing whether different biological populations haw gene expression profiles that correlate to their biogeographical distribution. We discuss the effects of environmental stress on the biogeographical distribution, interactions between species and diseases in the marine environment. With regard to the ecological role of environmental temperature, marine environmental genomies studies have the potential to reveal changes in gene expression tha map onto biogeegraphieal distribution. The genomies studies could insight into physiological costs of temperature change and couk enable ecologists to better model long-term consequences of thermal regime shifts. The application of DNA microarray technolog） can analyze gene expression profiling to pick out gene expressions that are generally altered or compromised that might then link tc reduced resistance of organisms to disease, providing information for viral infection mechanisms. Genomies approaches can als, help us to study the relationship between the environmental stressors and microbe communities, and find out the environmental con ditions that can prevent marine organisms from infection of diseases by balancing the microecology.