对我国生态补偿的立法构想

Legislative idea to the ecological compensation in China

分析了以往生态补偿的定义,并从法律的角度给出了生态补偿应有的涵义,即是指为了恢复、维持和增强生态系统的生态功能,国家对导致生态功能减损的自然资源开发或利用者收费(税)以及国家或生态受益者对为改善、维持或增强生态服务功能为目的而作出特别牺牲者给予经济和非经济形式的补偿。回顾了我国有关生态补偿的政策与法律的规定,并探讨了其缺陷:我国有关生态补偿的政策与法律虽然较多,规定得较早,但这些规定很不规范和系统,而且过于原则、缺乏可操作性,对负外部性行为的生态补偿存在政策与法律的缺位,即使是对正外部性行为也并非真正意义上的补偿,而只是一种补助或补贴。对我国生态补偿的立法构建提出了初步设想:一要补偿政策应当法律化,使生态补偿成为一项名副其实的法律制度;二要要构建合理的生态补偿法律体系。

Legalization of the ecological compensation is a key to the success or failure of the ecological compensation. First, this text analyses the definition of ecological compensation in the past and provides the due meaning of the ecological compensation in terms of law, namely mean in order to renew, keep and strengthen the ecological function of the ecosystem, the country collect fees（or levy taxes） on the person who have made the ecological function deteriorate in utilizing the resources and country or ecological beneficiary offer economic or non-economic compensation form to the special victims who have improved, kept or strengthened the ecological service function. Then, it reviews the regulation about policy and law of ecological compensation of our country and probes into its defect： There are a lot of policy and law about ecological compensation in China, but these regulations are not a system, too principle, and can＇t be operated. There are not policy and law on the ecological compensation of the negative behaviors. It is not the real compensation even on the positive behavior and only a kind of subsidy or allowance. Finally, the legislation to the ecological compensation of our country should be structured and proposed tentatively. First, it should be legal to compensate the policy and make ecological compensation become a qualified legal system. Second, it structures the rational ecological compensation legal system.