唐代的丧葬观念习俗与礼仪制度

A STUDY OF THE TANG PERIOD FUNERAL CONCEPT,CUSTOM AND RITUAL INSTITUTION

目前唐墓已发现几千座，研究的主要成果是分区、分期、分类型，结果显示，以八世纪中期为界，唐前期的墓葬规模宏大，出土文物丰富；唐后期的墓葬缩小，随葬品简陋。这一直观的现象通常被解释为中晚唐政局动荡、皇权不稳、经济衰落、丧葬制度遭到破坏等原因。然而这一长期影响着人们对唐墓的认识不仅不能令人满意，还与文献记载发生了重大矛盾，使研究陷入尴尬的境地。对墓葬的分区、分期、分类型的研究，采用考古学方法进行技术性整理的成分较多，而对探讨社会生活，特别是其中丧葬习俗和礼仪葬制度的研究，能够断言的结论并不多。

Based on related stipulations of Tang ritual and laws, the present paper studies the burial institution and its practice in the Tang Dynasty. Using historical documents and archaeologically excavated material, the author researches on the practice of the funeral and burial institution in the early and late Tang period, the influence of politics on it, and its relationship with the change of the Tang people＇s concept of funeral and burial. Breaking through traditional archaeological study that pays attention only to cultural relics unearthed from tombs, the author researches into various aspects of the funeral and burial practice, in particular the content of funeral and sacrifice closely related to burial. He points out that due to the change of people＇s ideas on funeral and burial in the early and late Tang period, the focus of funeral and burial ceremonies were moved from interment with a great number of luxury objects to holding funeral activities before burial, which led to the qualitative change of burial objects. Thus the paper satisfactorily settles the contradiction between the written records and the archaeological material concerned with the burial institution in the early and late Tang period.