蚜虫寄主植物与取食部位的多样性

DIVERSITY OF HOST PLANTS AND FEEDING SITES OF APHIDS

在中国科学院动物研究所已有标本采集记录和国内外文献资料的基础上,分别从蚜虫类Aphidina科级和属级阶元系统研究世界范围内蚜虫寄主植物与取食部位的多样性。蚜虫的寄主植物种类繁多,涉及267科2120属,尤其以菊科、禾本科、豆科、伞形科、唇形科、蔷薇科、茜草科、兰科、壳斗科、杨柳科、胡桃科等植物为主。13科蚜虫的寄主植物差别很大:在科级水平,球蚜科Adelgidae、纩蚜科Mindaridae和平翅绵蚜科Phloeomyzidae的寄主植物类群比较单一,蚜科Aphididae和瘿绵蚜科Pemphigidae的寄主植物范围最为广泛;在属级水平,各属蚜虫间寄主植物也有明显差异,有143属蚜虫的寄主植物多于2科,其中蚜科的属占多数,蚜属Aphis、瘤蚜属Myzus、长管蚜属Macrosiphum、粗额蚜属Aulacorthum和声蚜属Toxoptera的寄主植物最多,各超过100科290属。在不同的寄主植物上寄生着不同种类的蚜虫,其中16科47属寄主植物上寄生的蚜虫多于14属。蚜虫在寄主植物上的取食部位丰富多样,可分为7类,分别为叶片、嫩梢、嫩枝、茎、花、根部、果实等。以叶片、茎、嫩枝和嫩梢为蚜虫主要取食部位。平翅绵蚜科主要取食嫩枝、茎和根部,短痣蚜科Anoeciidae主要取食叶片、嫩梢和根部,球蚜科、群蚜科Thelaxidae和毛管蚜科Greenideidae取食叶片、嫩梢、嫩枝和茎等部位,纩蚜科取食叶片、嫩梢、茎和花等部位,大蚜科Lachnidae和斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae除取食叶片、嫩梢、嫩枝、茎等部位外,前者还在根部取食,后者还寄生在果实上,根瘤蚜科Phylloxeridae在除花以外的其它6个部位取食,蚜科、瘿绵蚜科和毛蚜科Chaitophoridae的取食部位最为多样,它们在上述7个部位均可取食。还初步讨论了在不同寄主植物上蚜虫物种的分化,以及蚜虫与寄主植物之间的对应关系。

This paper deals with the diversity of host plants and feeding sites among different aphid families and genera in the world. Specimen records and published literatures were used to determine taxa, host plants, feeding sites of the aphids. The results indicate that the host plants of aphids are numerous, with 2 120 genera, 267 families, the are Asteraceae, Poaceae, major host plants families Leguminosae, Apiaceae, Labiaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Orchidaceae, Fagaceae, Salicaceae, Juglandaceae and so on. The host plants of aphids are diverse on family and genus level of aphids. Diversity of host plants of Adelgidae, Mindaridae, Phloeomyzidae are low, while host plants of Aphididae and Pemphigidae are much fargoing. On genus level of aphids, 143 genera of aphids, mostly belong to Aphididae, can infest more than 2 families of host plants. The genera Aphis, Myzus, Macrosiphum , Aulacorthum , Toxoptera of Aphididae have the most host plants, which are more than 100 families, 290 genera. Among different host plants, the kinds and numbers of aphids are also diverse. Host plants in 47 genera 16 families can be infested by over 14 genera of aphids. Feeding sites of aphids in the world cover leaves, young twigs, shoots, stems, inflorescences, roots and fruits. The aphids mostly feed on leaves, stems, young twigs and shoots. Phloeomyzidae feeds on shoots, stems and roots; Anoeciidae mainly on leaves, young twigs, roots; Adelgidae, Thelaxidae and Greenideidae on leaves, young twigs, shoots and stems; Mindaridae on leaves, young twigs, stems and inflorescences; Lachnidae on leaves, young twigs, shoots, stems and roots, as same as Drepanosiphidae, excepting changing roots to fruits; Phylloxeridae on the other infesting locations except inflorescences; but Aphididae, Pemphigidae and Chaitophoridae on all the infesting locations. In addition, the differentiation of aphids on different host plants, the relationship between aphids and host plants are primarily discussed.