20世纪90年代以来主要气象灾害对我国粮食生产的影响与减灾对策

Impacts of Main Agro-Meteorogical Disasters on China Agriculture since the 1990s and the Disaster Mitigation Strategies

干旱、洪涝、风雹和低温四大类主要气象灾害已经成为限制我国粮食增产的主要障碍。近5年的统计结果表明,我国平均每年粮食受灾面积达0.52亿hm2,粮食损失超过500亿kg。干旱是危害最大的灾种,每年因旱灾损失粮食占气象灾害损失粮食的57%。20世纪90年代以来旱灾的发生较以往大幅度加重。我国农业应该采取的减灾对策为:改善生态环境;加强农业基础设施建设;推广节水灌溉与旱作农业技术;加强农业减灾科学技术研究;完善农业防灾减灾体系;建立农业灾害保险与补贴机制。

Drought, water-logging, wind, hail disaster and low temperature as the main agro-meteoro- logical disasters （AMD） have become one of the main obstacles for the increase of agriculture production in China. According to the data statistics of the recent 5 years, the agriculture land area that suffer from disasters reaches 52 million hectares/year, resulting in a loss in food yield more than 50 billion kg. Among the above-mentioned 4 kinds of disasters, drought is the most serious damage. The loss in food production due to drought accounts for 57% of the total loss resulted from meteorological disasters. It is indicated that loss due to drought has increased dramatically since the 1990s. Facing such a situation, we put forward the following strategies, improving ecological environment, constructing agricultural infrastructure, spreading technologies for water saving irrigation and dry land farming, strengthening scientific researches on and application of biotechnology and information technology in disaster prevention, establishing scientific prevention and mitigation system for AMD; exploring a suitable system of insurance and subsidy for AMD.