互联网环境下的国际民事管辖权

互联网对国际民事管辖权提出了挑战,必须研究新的确定管辖权的标准。滑动标尺法以被告通过互联网所从事的行为与法院地的密切程度来决定法院是否有管辖权;影响方法将行为产生的影响作为行使管辖权的标准;目标指向方法是前面两种方法的发展,更注重被告的互联网行为的明显指向和该行为对法院地造成后果的可预见性;欧洲的“消费者保护优先”模式将消费者的住所等作为管辖权标准。在互联网环境下,应以协议选择管辖原则、不方便法院原则和先受理法院原则协调管辖权冲突。我国现行立法存在缺陷,相关司法实践较少。就互联网环境下的国际民事管辖权,我国立法应严格限制专属管辖,禁止国籍管辖,允许当事人协议选择法院,参考目标指向方法和“消费者保护优先”模式确定我国的管辖标准。

Intemet has brought challenges to intermational civil jurisdiction and it＇ s necessary to find new jurisdictional bases. Sliding scale approach means jurisdiction is dictated by a sliding scale between active and passive contact between the defendant company＇s website and the forum state; Effect approach analyzes where the actual effects of a website occurred to determine jurisdiction; Targeting approach applies jurisdiction only when a website is targeted toward citizens of the country, which lays emphasis on the foreseeability of the effects and the purpose of defendant; European Community creates an uniform approach to intemet jurisdiction within the EU which is heavily protective of consumers by giving the consumer the choice of litigating in their local jurisdiction. In the context of internet, choice of forum, Forum Non Conveniens and the Principle of the Court First Seised are among the best solutions to coordinate conflicts of jurisdictions. There are deficits in the relative legislation in China and few eases concerning intemet jurisdiction. Concerning the law over intemet jurisdiction in China, exclusive jurisdiction and jurisdiction based on nationality should be forbidden; Choice of forum be respected; targeting approach and consumer Protection approach be considered the best to solve problems arising from the internet.