杏杂种一代群体性状遗传及新品种的选育研究

Heredity trend of some characteristics in apricot F1 hybrids and selection of new varieties

以凯特×新世纪、凯特×红丰及凯特×泰安水杏等的杂种一代群体为对象,研究其性状遗传特点,并进行育种。结果表明:①凯特杏S基因型是杂合的,自交亲和(SC)对自交不亲和(SI)为显性。②杏自交坐果率、有效花比率及平均单果重等性状在杂种一代广泛分离,杂种群体的平均值低于亲中值,表明这3个性状均为数量性状遗传,但3个性状的变异系数、变异幅度和广义遗传力(H2)均差异很大。③凯特杏甜仁与苦仁性状的基因位点是杂合的(Kk),而新世纪和红丰甜仁与苦仁性状的基因位点是纯合的(KK)。④所分析的49种香味成分中,有37种成分为双亲所共有,12种成分双亲之一具有;在37种双亲共有成分中,有20种在杂交后代中呈连续性变异,具有典型的数量性状遗传特征,有17种在杂交后代中出现1∶1、1∶3、1∶7或1∶15分离,可能是受一对或几对基因控制的质量性状遗传。糖酸总量及各组分在后代中虽然均表现为连续性变异,但各组分的基因效应存在较大差异。育成了自交亲和、品质优良的山农凯新1号和山农凯新2号等早熟杏新品种。

Inheritance of some characteristics was studied and selection of new varieties was done with 5 ～ 6 years old apricot seedlings of F1 progenies from crossing co,nbinations of Katy × Xinshiji, Katy × Hongfeng, Katy × Taianshuixing and Taianshuixing × Katy. The results were as follows ： Firstly, the S - locus of Katy was heterozygous, and self - compatibility was dominant to self- incompatibility. Secondly, the fruiting rate of self- pollination, and the rate of fertile flowers and average fruit weight were separated widely, these traits were confirmed to be quantitative inheritant. Thirdly, the bitter kernel character of Katy was heterozygous. Fourthly,from the 49 aroma compounds analyzed, there were 37 compounds shared with parents and 12 compounds shared with single parent. Twenty of 37components shared with parents,being successional variance and exhibited quatitative inheritance. Seventeen of 37 compounds shared with parents segregated in ratio of 1： 1,1： 3,1： 7 or 1： 15 in F1 generations and exhibited qualitative inheritance. Two new apricot varieties have been bred,which had characteristics of early ripening,good quality, self- compatibility and fertility.