“教学”的语言分析——兼述教学论和课程论之争论

The Linguistic Analysis of "Jiaoxue"

中文“教学”术语的语义,从古至今有过曲折的转变。古代教学的语义明显的指二字的组合,因此是指教及学两个动作或两件事,目前我们却把教学的语义限定在教而已。因此教学语义根本的问题,是中文教学有两种完全不同但又重叠的语义:1.指一特定语词,而且我们用来只对应到英文的teaching,即教学就只是教的意思。2.指一特定语词或二字连用,此时教学就是教与学的意思。今日我们经常在这两种语义间徘徊,这也造成人们下笔行文及思考时,出现明显的不精确现象。教学语义的古今转变,反映出它的语义和语用与历史事件的密切关联,同时也说明了不同历史时期人们教育见解之变化。教育理论方面,我们也发现中国大陆随着教学语义的转变,出现了教学论和课程论之争议,若不能清楚界定教学与课程的语义与概念,教学论和课程论之争议仍会持续下去。

There has been a significant change about the meaning of the term ＂Jiaoxue＂ in Chinese from ancient time to the present. It is apparent that the meaning of ＂Jiaoxue＂ in ancient China combined ＂Jiao＂ and ＂Xue＂, which mean ＂teaching＂ and ＂learning＂ respectively. However, now we just define ＂Jiaoxue＂ as ＂teaching＂. Therefore, the essential problem of the meaning of ＂Jiaoxue＂ lies in its two different meanings which overlap to some extent. One of the meanings refers to a specialized term which has the same mean- ing as the English term ＂teaching＂. The other refers to both ＂teaching＂ and ＂learning＂. Now we often change our opinions between the two meanings, and consequently it confuses people. A significant change about the meaning of ＂Jiaoxue＂ reflects a transformation of educational points of view in different periods, and also explains the close relation among the meanings and uses of language and historical events. In the perspective of educational theory, there has been controversy between teaching theory and curriculum theory along with the change of the meaning of ＂Jiaoxue＂. Therefore, it is necessary to define the meaning and conception of ＂Jiaoxue＂ and ＂curriculum＂.